Sidelink Signal Repetition and Preemption

ABSTRACT

A first wireless device may receive, from a second wireless device, an indication of: one or more first resources of a first sidelink transport block, and a priority of the first sidelink transport block. Based on the priority and a priority threshold, the first wireless device may drop a sidelink transmission of one or more second resources that overlap with the one or more first resources.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of International Application No. PCT/US2020/054302, filed Oct. 5, 2020, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/910,359, filed Oct. 3, 2019, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Examples of several of the various embodiments of the present disclosure are described herein with reference to the drawings.

FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B illustrate example mobile communication networks in which embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented.

FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B respectively illustrate a New Radio (NR) user plane and control plane protocol stack.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example of services provided between protocol layers of the NR user plane protocol stack of FIG. 2A.

FIG. 4A illustrates an example downlink data flow through the NR user plane protocol stack of FIG. 2A.

FIG. 4B illustrates an example format of a MAC subheader in a MAC PDU.

FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B respectively illustrate a mapping between logical channels, transport channels, and physical channels for the downlink and uplink.

FIG. 6 is an example diagram showing RRC state transitions of a UE.

FIG. 7 illustrates an example configuration of an NR frame into which OFDM symbols are grouped.

FIG. 8 illustrates an example configuration of a slot in the time and frequency domain for an NR carrier.

FIG. 9 illustrates an example of bandwidth adaptation using three configured BWPs for an NR carrier.

FIG. 10A illustrates three carrier aggregation configurations with two component carriers.

FIG. 10B illustrates an example of how aggregated cells may be configured into one or more PUCCH groups.

FIG. 11A illustrates an example of an SS/PBCH block structure and location.

FIG. 11B illustrates an example of CSI-RS s that are mapped in the time and frequency domains.

FIG. 12A and FIG. 12B respectively illustrate examples of three downlink and uplink beam management procedures.

FIG. 13A, FIG. 13B, and FIG. 13C respectively illustrate a four-step contention-based random access procedure, a two-step contention-free random access procedure, and another two-step random access procedure.

FIG. 14A illustrates an example of CORESET configurations for a bandwidth part.

FIG. 14B illustrates an example of a CCE-to-REG mapping for DCI transmission on a CORESET and PDCCH processing.

FIG. 15 illustrates an example of a wireless device in communication with a base station.

FIG. 16A, FIG. 16B, FIG. 16C, and FIG. 16D illustrate example structures for uplink and downlink transmission.

FIG. 17 illustrates an aspect of an example embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 18 illustrates an aspect of an example embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 19 illustrates an aspect of an example embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 20 illustrates an aspect of an example embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 21 illustrates an aspect of an example embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 22 illustrates an aspect of an example embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 23 illustrates an aspect of an example embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 24 illustrates an aspect of an example embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 25 illustrates an aspect of an example embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 26 illustrates an aspect of an example embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 27 illustrates an aspect of an example embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 28 illustrates an aspect of an example embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 29 illustrates an aspect of an example embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 30 illustrates an aspect of an example embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 31 illustrates an aspect of an example embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 32 illustrates an aspect of an example embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 33 illustrates an aspect of an example embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 34 illustrates an aspect of an example embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 35 illustrates an aspect of an example embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 36 illustrates an aspect of an example embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 37 illustrates an aspect of an example embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 38 illustrates an aspect of an example embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 39 illustrates an aspect of an example embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 40 illustrates an aspect of an example embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 41 illustrates an aspect of an example embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 42 illustrates an aspect of an example embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 43 illustrates an aspect of an example embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 44 illustrates an aspect of an example embodiment of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the present disclosure, various embodiments are presented as examples of how the disclosed techniques may be implemented and/or how the disclosed techniques may be practiced in environments and scenarios. It will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art that various changes in form and detail can be made therein without departing from the scope. In fact, after reading the description, it will be apparent to one skilled in the relevant art how to implement alternative embodiments. The present embodiments should not be limited by any of the described exemplary embodiments. The embodiments of the present disclosure will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. Limitations, features, and/or elements from the disclosed example embodiments may be combined to create further embodiments within the scope of the disclosure. Any figures which highlight the functionality and advantages, are presented for example purposes only. The disclosed architecture is sufficiently flexible and configurable, such that it may be utilized in ways other than that shown. For example, the actions listed in any flowchart may be re-ordered or only optionally used in some embodiments.

Embodiments may be configured to operate as needed. The disclosed mechanism may be performed when certain criteria are met, for example, in a wireless device, a base station, a radio environment, a network, a combination of the above, and/or the like. Example criteria may be based, at least in part, on for example, wireless device or network node configurations, traffic load, initial system set up, packet sizes, traffic characteristics, a combination of the above, and/or the like. When the one or more criteria are met, various example embodiments may be applied. Therefore, it may be possible to implement example embodiments that selectively implement disclosed protocols.

A base station may communicate with a mix of wireless devices. Wireless devices and/or base stations may support multiple technologies, and/or multiple releases of the same technology. Wireless devices may have some specific capability(ies) depending on wireless device category and/or capability(ies). When this disclosure refers to a base station communicating with a plurality of wireless devices, this disclosure may refer to a subset of the total wireless devices in a coverage area. This disclosure may refer to, for example, a plurality of wireless devices of a given LTE or 5G release with a given capability and in a given sector of the base station. The plurality of wireless devices in this disclosure may refer to a selected plurality of wireless devices, and/or a subset of total wireless devices in a coverage area which perform according to disclosed methods, and/or the like. There may be a plurality of base stations or a plurality of wireless devices in a coverage area that may not comply with the disclosed methods, for example, those wireless devices or base stations may perform based on older releases of LTE or 5G technology.

In this disclosure, “a” and “an” and similar phrases are to be interpreted as “at least one” and “one or more.” Similarly, any term that ends with the suffix “(s)” is to be interpreted as “at least one” and “one or more.” In this disclosure, the term “may” is to be interpreted as “may, for example.” In other words, the term “may” is indicative that the phrase following the term “may” is an example of one of a multitude of suitable possibilities that may, or may not, be employed by one or more of the various embodiments. The terms “comprises” and “consists of”, as used herein, enumerate one or more components of the element being described. The term “comprises” is interchangeable with “includes” and does not exclude unenumerated components from being included in the element being described. By contrast, “consists of” provides a complete enumeration of the one or more components of the element being described. The term “based on”, as used herein, should be interpreted as “based at least in part on” rather than, for example, “based solely on”. The term “and/or” as used herein represents any possible combination of enumerated elements. For example, “A, B, and/or C” may represent A; B; C; A and B; A and C; B and C; or A, B, and C.

If A and B are sets and every element of A is an element of B, A is called a subset of B. In this specification, only non-empty sets and subsets are considered. For example, possible subsets of B={cell1, ce112} are: {can }, {ce112}, and {cell1, ce112}. The phrase “based on” (or equally “based at least on”) is indicative that the phrase following the term “based on” is an example of one of a multitude of suitable possibilities that may, or may not, be employed to one or more of the various embodiments. The phrase “in response to” (or equally “in response at least to”) is indicative that the phrase following the phrase “in response to” is an example of one of a multitude of suitable possibilities that may, or may not, be employed to one or more of the various embodiments. The phrase “depending on” (or equally “depending at least to”) is indicative that the phrase following the phrase “depending on” is an example of one of a multitude of suitable possibilities that may, or may not, be employed to one or more of the various embodiments. The phrase “employing/using” (or equally “employing/using at least”) is indicative that the phrase following the phrase “employing/using” is an example of one of a multitude of suitable possibilities that may, or may not, be employed to one or more of the various embodiments.

The term configured may relate to the capacity of a device whether the device is in an operational or non-operational state. Configured may refer to specific settings in a device that effect the operational characteristics of the device whether the device is in an operational or non-operational state. In other words, the hardware, software, firmware, registers, memory values, and/or the like may be “configured” within a device, whether the device is in an operational or nonoperational state, to provide the device with specific characteristics. Terms such as “a control message to cause in a device” may mean that a control message has parameters that may be used to configure specific characteristics or may be used to implement certain actions in the device, whether the device is in an operational or non-operational state.

In this disclosure, parameters (or equally called, fields, or Information elements: IEs) may comprise one or more information objects, and an information object may comprise one or more other objects. For example, if parameter (IE) N comprises parameter (IE) M, and parameter (IE) M comprises parameter (IE) K, and parameter (IE) K comprises parameter (information element) J. Then, for example, N comprises K, and N comprises J. In an example embodiment, when one or more messages comprise a plurality of parameters, it implies that a parameter in the plurality of parameters is in at least one of the one or more messages, but does not have to be in each of the one or more messages.

Many features presented are described as being optional through the use of “may” or the use of parentheses. For the sake of brevity and legibility, the present disclosure does not explicitly recite each and every permutation that may be obtained by choosing from the set of optional features. The present disclosure is to be interpreted as explicitly disclosing all such permutations. For example, a system described as having three optional features may be embodied in seven ways, namely with just one of the three possible features, with any two of the three possible features or with three of the three possible features.

Many of the elements described in the disclosed embodiments may be implemented as modules. A module is defined here as an element that performs a defined function and has a defined interface to other elements. The modules described in this disclosure may be implemented in hardware, software in combination with hardware, firmware, wetware (e.g. hardware with a biological element) or a combination thereof, which may be behaviorally equivalent. For example, modules may be implemented as a software routine written in a computer language configured to be executed by a hardware machine (such as C, C++, Fortran, Java, Basic, Matlab or the like) or a modeling/simulation program such as Simulink, Stateflow, GNU Octave, or Lab VIEWMathScript. It may be possible to implement modules using physical hardware that incorporates discrete or programmable analog, digital and/or quantum hardware. Examples of programmable hardware comprise: computers, microcontrollers, microprocessors, application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs); field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs); and complex programmable logic devices (CPLDs). Computers, microcontrollers and microprocessors are programmed using languages such as assembly, C, C++or the like. FPGAs, ASICs and CPLDs are often programmed using hardware description languages (HDL) such as VHSIC hardware description language (VHDL) or Verilog that configure connections between internal hardware modules with lesser functionality on a programmable device. The mentioned technologies are often used in combination to achieve the result of a functional module.

FIG. 1A illustrates an example of a mobile communication network 100 in which embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented. The mobile communication network 100 may be, for example, a public land mobile network (PLMN) run by a network operator. As illustrated in FIG. 1A, the mobile communication network 100 includes a core network (CN) 102, a radio access network (RAN) 104, and a wireless device 106.

The CN 102 may provide the wireless device 106 with an interface to one or more data networks (DNs), such as public DNs (e.g., the Internet), private DNs, and/or intra-operator DNs. As part of the interface functionality, the CN 102 may set up end-to-end connections between the wireless device 106 and the one or more DNs, authenticate the wireless device 106, and provide charging functionality.

The RAN 104 may connect the CN 102 to the wireless device 106 through radio communications over an air interface. As part of the radio communications, the RAN 104 may provide scheduling, radio resource management, and retransmission protocols. The communication direction from the RAN 104 to the wireless device 106 over the air interface is known as the downlink and the communication direction from the wireless device 106 to the RAN 104 over the air interface is known as the uplink. Downlink transmissions may be separated from uplink transmissions using frequency division duplexing (FDD), time-division duplexing (TDD), and/or some combination of the two duplexing techniques.

The term wireless device may be used throughout this disclosure to refer to and encompass any mobile device or fixed (non-mobile) device for which wireless communication is needed or usable. For example, a wireless device may be a telephone, smart phone, tablet, computer, laptop, sensor, meter, wearable device, Internet of Things (IoT) device, vehicle road side unit (RSU), relay node, automobile, and/or any combination thereof. The term wireless device encompasses other terminology, including user equipment (UE), user terminal (UT), access terminal (AT), mobile station, handset, wireless transmit and receive unit (WTRU), and/or wireless communication device.

The RAN 104 may include one or more base stations (not shown). The term base station may be used throughout this disclosure to refer to and encompass a Node B (associated with UMTS and/or 3G standards), an Evolved Node B (eNB, associated with E-UTRA and/or 4G standards), a remote radio head (RRH), a baseband processing unit coupled to one or more RRHs, a repeater node or relay node used to extend the coverage area of a donor node, a Next Generation Evolved Node B (ng-eNB), a Generation Node B (gNB, associated with NR and/or 5G standards), an access point (AP, associated with, for example, WiFi or any other suitable wireless communication standard), and/or any combination thereof. A base station may comprise at least one gNB Central Unit (gNB-CU) and at least one a gNB Distributed Unit (gNB-DU).

A base station included in the RAN 104 may include one or more sets of antennas for communicating with the wireless device 106 over the air interface. For example, one or more of the base stations may include three sets of antennas to respectively control three cells (or sectors). The size of a cell may be determined by a range at which a receiver (e.g., a base station receiver) can successfully receive the transmissions from a transmitter (e.g., a wireless device transmitter) operating in the cell. Together, the cells of the base stations may provide radio coverage to the wireless device 106 over a wide geographic area to support wireless device mobility.

In addition to three-sector sites, other implementations of base stations are possible. For example, one or more of the base stations in the RAN 104 may be implemented as a sectored site with more or less than three sectors. One or more of the base stations in the RAN 104 may be implemented as an access point, as a baseband processing unit coupled to several remote radio heads (RRHs), and/or as a repeater or relay node used to extend the coverage area of a donor node. A baseband processing unit coupled to RRHs may be part of a centralized or cloud RAN architecture, where the baseband processing unit may be either centralized in a pool of baseband processing units or virtualized. A repeater node may amplify and rebroadcast a radio signal received from a donor node. A relay node may perform the same/similar functions as a repeater node but may decode the radio signal received from the donor node to remove noise before amplifying and rebroadcasting the radio signal.

The RAN 104 may be deployed as a homogenous network of macrocell base stations that have similar antenna patterns and similar high-level transmit powers. The RAN 104 may be deployed as a heterogeneous network. In heterogeneous networks, small cell base stations may be used to provide small coverage areas, for example, coverage areas that overlap with the comparatively larger coverage areas provided by macrocell base stations. The small coverage areas may be provided in areas with high data traffic (or so-called “hotspots”) or in areas with weak macrocell coverage. Examples of small cell base stations include, in order of decreasing coverage area, microcell base stations, picocell base stations, and femtocell base stations or home base stations.

The Third-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) was formed in 1998 to provide global standardization of specifications for mobile communication networks similar to the mobile communication network 100 in FIG. 1A. To date, 3GPP has produced specifications for three generations of mobile networks: a third generation (3G) network known as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), a fourth generation (4G) network known as Long-Term Evolution (LTE), and a fifth generation (5G) network known as 5G System (5GS). Embodiments of the present disclosure are described with reference to the RAN of a 3GPP 5G network, referred to as next-generation RAN (NG-RAN). Embodiments may be applicable to RANs of other mobile communication networks, such as the RAN 104 in FIG. 1A, the RANs of earlier 3G and 4G networks, and those of future networks yet to be specified (e.g., a 3GPP 6G network). NG-RAN implements 5G radio access technology known as New Radio (NR) and may be provisioned to implement 4G radio access technology or other radio access technologies, including non-3GPP radio access technologies.

FIG. 1B illustrates another example mobile communication network 150 in which embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented. Mobile communication network 150 may be, for example, a PLMN run by a network operator. As illustrated in FIG. 1B, mobile communication network 150 includes a 5G core network (5G-CN) 152, an NG-RAN 154, and UEs 156A and 156B (collectively UEs 156). These components may be implemented and operate in the same or similar manner as corresponding components described with respect to FIG. 1A.

The 5G-CN 152 provides the UEs 156 with an interface to one or more DNs, such as public DNs (e.g., the Internet), private DNs, and/or intra-operator DNs. As part of the interface functionality, the 5G-CN 152 may set up end-to-end connections between the UEs 156 and the one or more DNs, authenticate the UEs 156, and provide charging functionality. Compared to the CN of a 3GPP 4G network, the basis of the 5G-CN 152 may be a service-based architecture. This means that the architecture of the nodes making up the 5G-CN 152 may be defined as network functions that offer services via interfaces to other network functions. The network functions of the 5G-CN 152 may be implemented in several ways, including as network elements on dedicated or shared hardware, as software instances running on dedicated or shared hardware, or as virtualized functions instantiated on a platform (e.g., a cloud-based platform).

As illustrated in FIG. 1B, the 5G-CN 152 includes an Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 158A and a User Plane Function (UPF) 158B, which are shown as one component AMF/UPF 158 in FIG. 1B for ease of illustration. The UPF 158B may serve as a gateway between the NG-RAN 154 and the one or more DNs. The UPF 158B may perform functions such as packet routing and forwarding, packet inspection and user plane policy rule enforcement, traffic usage reporting, uplink classification to support routing of traffic flows to the one or more DNs, quality of service (QoS) handling for the user plane (e.g., packet filtering, gating, uplink/downlink rate enforcement, and uplink traffic verification), downlink packet buffering, and downlink data notification triggering. The UPF 158B may serve as an anchor point for intra-/inter-Radio Access Technology (RAT) mobility, an external protocol (or packet) data unit (PDU) session point of interconnect to the one or more DNs, and/or a branching point to support a multi-homed PDU session. The UEs 156 may be configured to receive services through a PDU session, which is a logical connection between a UE and a DN.

The AMF 158A may perform functions such as Non-Access Stratum (NAS) signaling termination, NAS signaling security, Access Stratum (AS) security control, inter-CN node signaling for mobility between 3GPP access networks, idle mode UE reachability (e.g., control and execution of paging retransmission), registration area management, intra-system and inter-system mobility support, access authentication, access authorization including checking of roaming rights, mobility management control (subscription and policies), network slicing support, and/or session management function (SMF) selection. NAS may refer to the functionality operating between a CN and a UE, and AS may refer to the functionality operating between the UE and a RAN.

The 5G-CN 152 may include one or more additional network functions that are not shown in FIG. 1B for the sake of clarity. For example, the 5G-CN 152 may include one or more of a Session Management Function (SMF), an NR Repository Function (NRF), a Policy Control Function (PCF), a Network Exposure Function (NEF), a Unified Data Management (UDM), an Application Function (AF), and/or an Authentication Server Function (AUSF).

The NG-RAN 154 may connect the 5G-CN 152 to the UEs 156 through radio communications over the air interface. The NG-RAN 154 may include one or more gNB s, illustrated as gNB 160A and gNB 160B (collectively gNBs 160) and/or one or more ng-eNB s, illustrated as ng-eNB 162A and ng-eNB 162B (collectively ng-eNBs 162). The gNBs 160 and ng-eNBs 162 may be more generically referred to as base stations. The gNBs 160 and ng-eNB s 162 may include one or more sets of antennas for communicating with the UEs 156 over an air interface. For example, one or more of the gNBs 160 and/or one or more of the ng-eNBs 162 may include three sets of antennas to respectively control three cells (or sectors). Together, the cells of the gNBs 160 and the ng-eNBs 162 may provide radio coverage to the UEs 156 over a wide geographic area to support UE mobility.

As shown in FIG. 1B, the gNBs 160 and/or the ng-eNBs 162 may be connected to the 5G-CN 152 by means of an NG interface and to other base stations by an Xn interface. The NG and Xn interfaces may be established using direct physical connections and/or indirect connections over an underlying transport network, such as an internet protocol (IP) transport network. The gNBs 160 and/or the ng-eNBs 162 may be connected to the UEs 156 by means of a Uu interface. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 1B, gNB 160A may be connected to the UE 156A by means of a Uu interface. The NG, Xn, and Uu interfaces are associated with a protocol stack. The protocol stacks associated with the interfaces may be used by the network elements in FIG. 1B to exchange data and signaling messages and may include two planes: a user plane and a control plane. The user plane may handle data of interest to a user. The control plane may handle signaling messages of interest to the network elements.

The gNBs 160 and/or the ng-eNBs 162 may be connected to one or more AMF/UPF functions of the 5G-CN 152, such as the AMF/UPF 158, by means of one or more NG interfaces. For example, the gNB 160A may be connected to the UPF 158B of the AMF/UPF 158 by means of an NG-User plane (NG-U) interface. The NG-U interface may provide delivery (e.g., non-guaranteed delivery) of user plane PDUs between the gNB 160A and the UPF 158B. The gNB 160A may be connected to the AMF 158A by means of an NG-Control plane (NG-C) interface. The NG-C interface may provide, for example, NG interface management, UE context management, UE mobility management, transport of NAS messages, paging, PDU session management, and configuration transfer and/or warning message transmission.

The gNBs 160 may provide NR user plane and control plane protocol terminations towards the UEs 156 over the Uu interface. For example, the gNB 160A may provide NR user plane and control plane protocol terminations toward the UE 156A over a Uu interface associated with a first protocol stack. The ng-eNBs 162 may provide Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) user plane and control plane protocol terminations towards the UEs 156 over a Uu interface, where E-UTRA refers to the 3GPP 4G radio-access technology. For example, the ng-eNB 162B may provide E-UTRA user plane and control plane protocol terminations towards the UE 156B over a Uu interface associated with a second protocol stack.

The 5G-CN 152 was described as being configured to handle NR and 4G radio accesses. It will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art that it may be possible for NR to connect to a 4G core network in a mode known as “non-standalone operation.” In non-standalone operation, a 4G core network is used to provide (or at least support) control-plane functionality (e.g., initial access, mobility, and paging). Although only one AMF/UPF 158 is shown in FIG. 1B, one gNB or ng-eNB may be connected to multiple AMF/UPF nodes to provide redundancy and/or to load share across the multiple AMF/UPF nodes.

As discussed, an interface (e.g., Uu, Xn, and NG interfaces) between the network elements in FIG. 1B may be associated with a protocol stack that the network elements use to exchange data and signaling messages. A protocol stack may include two planes: a user plane and a control plane. The user plane may handle data of interest to a user, and the control plane may handle signaling messages of interest to the network elements.

FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B respectively illustrate examples of NR user plane and NR control plane protocol stacks for the Uu interface that lies between a UE 210 and a gNB 220. The protocol stacks illustrated in FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B may be the same or similar to those used for the Uu interface between, for example, the UE 156A and the gNB 160A shown in FIG. 1B.

FIG. 2A illustrates a NR user plane protocol stack comprising five layers implemented in the UE 210 and the gNB 220. At the bottom of the protocol stack, physical layers (PHYs) 211 and 221 may provide transport services to the higher layers of the protocol stack and may correspond to layer 1 of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. The next four protocols above PHYs 211 and 221 comprise media access control layers (MACs) 212 and 222, radio link control layers (RLCs) 213 and 223, packet data convergence protocol layers (PDCPs) 214 and 224, and service data application protocol layers (SDAPs) 215 and 225. Together, these four protocols may make up layer 2, or the data link layer, of the OSI model.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example of services provided between protocol layers of the NR user plane protocol stack. Starting from the top of FIG. 2A and FIG. 3, the SDAPs 215 and 225 may perform QoS flow handling. The UE 210 may receive services through a PDU session, which may be a logical connection between the UE 210 and a DN. The PDU session may have one or more QoS flows. A UPF of a CN (e.g., the UPF 158B) may map IP packets to the one or more QoS flows of the PDU session based on QoS requirements (e.g., in terms of delay, data rate, and/or error rate). The SDAPs 215 and 225 may perform mapping/de-mapping between the one or more QoS flows and one or more data radio bearers. The mapping/de-mapping between the QoS flows and the data radio bearers may be determined by the SDAP 225 at the gNB 220. The SDAP 215 at the UE 210 may be informed of the mapping between the QoS flows and the data radio bearers through reflective mapping or control signaling received from the gNB 220. For reflective mapping, the SDAP 225 at the gNB 220 may mark the downlink packets with a QoS flow indicator (QFI), which may be observed by the SDAP 215 at the UE 210 to determine the mapping/de-mapping between the QoS flows and the data radio bearers.

The PDCPs 214 and 224 may perform header compression/decompression to reduce the amount of data that needs to be transmitted over the air interface, ciphering/deciphering to prevent unauthorized decoding of data transmitted over the air interface, and integrity protection (to ensure control messages originate from intended sources. The PDCPs 214 and 224 may perform retransmissions of undelivered packets, in-sequence delivery and reordering of packets, and removal of packets received in duplicate due to, for example, an intra-gNB handover. The PDCPs 214 and 224 may perform packet duplication to improve the likelihood of the packet being received and, at the receiver, remove any duplicate packets. Packet duplication may be useful for services that require high reliability.

Although not shown in FIG. 3, PDCPs 214 and 224 may perform mapping/de-mapping between a split radio bearer and RLC channels in a dual connectivity scenario. Dual connectivity is a technique that allows a UE to connect to two cells or, more generally, two cell groups: a master cell group (MCG) and a secondary cell group (SCG). A split bearer is when a single radio bearer, such as one of the radio bearers provided by the PDCPs 214 and 224 as a service to the SDAPs 215 and 225, is handled by cell groups in dual connectivity. The PDCPs 214 and 224 may map/de-map the split radio bearer between RLC channels belonging to cell groups.

The RLCs 213 and 223 may perform segmentation, retransmission through Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ), and removal of duplicate data units received from MACs 212 and 222, respectively. The RLCs 213 and 223 may support three transmission modes: transparent mode (TM); unacknowledged mode (UM); and acknowledged mode (AM). Based on the transmission mode an RLC is operating, the RLC may perform one or more of the noted functions. The RLC configuration may be per logical channel with no dependency on numerologies and/or Transmission Time Interval (TTI) durations. As shown in FIG. 3, the RLCs 213 and 223 may provide RLC channels as a service to PDCPs 214 and 224, respectively.

The MACs 212 and 222 may perform multiplexing/demultiplexing of logical channels and/or mapping between logical channels and transport channels. The multiplexing/demultiplexing may include multiplexing/demultiplexing of data units, belonging to the one or more logical channels, into/from Transport Blocks (TB s) delivered to/from the PHYs 211 and 221. The MAC 222 may be configured to perform scheduling, scheduling information reporting, and priority handling between UEs by means of dynamic scheduling. Scheduling may be performed in the gNB 220 (at the MAC 222) for downlink and uplink. The MACs 212 and 222 may be configured to perform error correction through Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) (e.g., one HARQ entity per carrier in case of Carrier Aggregation (CA)), priority handling between logical channels of the UE 210 by means of logical channel prioritization, and/or padding. The MACs 212 and 222 may support one or more numerologies and/or transmission timings. In an example, mapping restrictions in a logical channel prioritization may control which numerology and/or transmission timing a logical channel may use. As shown in FIG. 3, the MACs 212 and 222 may provide logical channels as a service to the RLCs 213 and 223.

The PHYs 211 and 221 may perform mapping of transport channels to physical channels and digital and analog signal processing functions for sending and receiving information over the air interface. These digital and analog signal processing functions may include, for example, coding/decoding and modulation/demodulation. The PHYs 211 and 221 may perform multi-antenna mapping. As shown in FIG. 3, the PHYs 211 and 221 may provide one or more transport channels as a service to the MACs 212 and 222.

FIG. 4A illustrates an example downlink data flow through the NR user plane protocol stack. FIG. 4A illustrates a downlink data flow of three IP packets (n, n+1, and m) through the NR user plane protocol stack to generate two TB s at the gNB 220. An uplink data flow through the NR user plane protocol stack may be similar to the downlink data flow depicted in FIG. 4A.

The downlink data flow of FIG. 4A begins when SDAP 225 receives the three IP packets from one or more QoS flows and maps the three packets to radio bearers. In FIG. 4A, the SDAP 225 maps IP packets n and n+1 to a first radio bearer 402 and maps IP packet m to a second radio bearer 404. An SDAP header (labeled with an “H” in FIG. 4A) is added to an IP packet. The data unit from/to a higher protocol layer is referred to as a service data unit (SDU) of the lower protocol layer and the data unit to/from a lower protocol layer is referred to as a protocol data unit (PDU) of the higher protocol layer. As shown in FIG. 4A, the data unit from the SDAP 225 is an SDU of lower protocol layer PDCP 224 and is a PDU of the SDAP 225.

The remaining protocol layers in FIG. 4A may perform their associated functionality (e.g., with respect to FIG. 3), add corresponding headers, and forward their respective outputs to the next lower layer. For example, the PDCP 224 may perform IP-header compression and ciphering and forward its output to the RLC 223. The RLC 223 may optionally perform segmentation (e.g., as shown for IP packet m in FIG. 4A) and forward its output to the MAC 222. The MAC 222 may multiplex a number of RLC PDUs and may attach a MAC subheader to an RLC PDU to form a transport block. In NR, the MAC subheaders may be distributed across the MAC PDU, as illustrated in FIG. 4A. In LTE, the MAC subheaders may be entirely located at the beginning of the MAC PDU. The NR MAC PDU structure may reduce processing time and associated latency because the MAC PDU subheaders may be computed before the full MAC PDU is assembled.

FIG. 4B illustrates an example format of a MAC subheader in a MAC PDU. The MAC subheader includes: an SDU length field for indicating the length (e.g., in bytes) of the MAC SDU to which the MAC subheader corresponds; a logical channel identifier (LCID) field for identifying the logical channel from which the MAC SDU originated to aid in the demultiplexing process; a flag (F) for indicating the size of the SDU length field; and a reserved bit (R) field for future use.

FIG. 4B further illustrates MAC control elements (CEs) inserted into the MAC PDU by a MAC, such as MAC 223 or MAC 222. For example, FIG. 4B illustrates two MAC CEs inserted into the MAC PDU. MAC CEs may be inserted at the beginning of a MAC PDU for downlink transmissions (as shown in FIG. 4B) and at the end of a MAC PDU for uplink transmissions. MAC CEs may be used for in-band control signaling. Example MAC CEs include: scheduling-related MAC CEs, such as buffer status reports and power headroom reports; activation/deactivation MAC CEs, such as those for activation/deactivation of PDCP duplication detection, channel state information (CSI) reporting, sounding reference signal (SRS) transmission, and prior configured components; discontinuous reception (DRX) related MAC CEs; timing advance MAC CEs; and random access related MAC CEs. A MAC CE may be preceded by a MAC subheader with a similar format as described for MAC SDUs and may be identified with a reserved value in the LCID field that indicates the type of control information included in the MAC CE.

Before describing the NR control plane protocol stack, logical channels, transport channels, and physical channels are first described as well as a mapping between the channel types. One or more of the channels may be used to carry out functions associated with the NR control plane protocol stack described later below.

FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B illustrate, for downlink and uplink respectively, a mapping between logical channels, transport channels, and physical channels. Information is passed through channels between the RLC, the MAC, and the PHY of the NR protocol stack. A logical channel may be used between the RLC and the MAC and may be classified as a control channel that carries control and configuration information in the NR control plane or as a traffic channel that carries data in the NR user plane. A logical channel may be classified as a dedicated logical channel that is dedicated to a specific UE or as a common logical channel that may be used by more than one UE. A logical channel may also be defined by the type of information it carries. The set of logical channels defined by NR include, for example:

-   a paging control channel (PCCH) for carrying paging messages used to     page a UE whose location is not known to the network on a cell     level; -   a broadcast control channel (BCCH) for carrying system information     messages in the form of a master information block (MIB) and several     system information blocks (SIB s), wherein the system information     messages may be used by the UEs to obtain information about how a     cell is configured and how to operate within the cell; -   a common control channel (CCCH) for carrying control messages     together with random access; -   a dedicated control channel (DCCH) for carrying control messages     to/from a specific the UE to configure the UE; and -   a dedicated traffic channel (DTCH) for carrying user data to/from a     specific the UE.

Transport channels are used between the MAC and PHY layers and may be defined by how the information they carry is transmitted over the air interface. The set of transport channels defined by NR include, for example:

-   a paging channel (PCH) for carrying paging messages that originated     from the PCCH; -   a broadcast channel (BCH) for carrying the MIB from the BCCH; -   a downlink shared channel (DL-SCH) for carrying downlink data and     signaling messages, including the SIB s from the BCCH; -   an uplink shared channel (UL-SCH) for carrying uplink data and     signaling messages; and -   a random access channel (RACH) for allowing a UE to contact the     network without any prior scheduling.

The PHY may use physical channels to pass information between processing levels of the PHY. A physical channel may have an associated set of time-frequency resources for carrying the information of one or more transport channels. The PHY may generate control information to support the low-level operation of the PHY and provide the control information to the lower levels of the PHY via physical control channels, known as L1/L2 control channels. The set of physical channels and physical control channels defined by NR include, for example:

-   a physical broadcast channel (PBCH) for carrying the MIB from the     BCH; -   a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) for carrying downlink     data and signaling messages from the DL-SCH, as well as paging     messages from the PCH; -   a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) for carrying downlink     control information (DCI), which may include downlink scheduling     commands, uplink scheduling grants, and uplink power control     commands; -   a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) for carrying uplink data     and signaling messages from the UL-SCH and in some instances uplink     control information (UCI) as described below; -   a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) for carrying UCI, which     may include HARQ acknowledgments, channel quality indicators (CQI),     pre-coding matrix indicators (PMI), rank indicators (RI), and     scheduling requests (SR); and -   a physical random access channel (PRACH) for random access.

Similar to the physical control channels, the physical layer generates physical signals to support the low-level operation of the physical layer. As shown in FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B, the physical layer signals defined by NR include: primary synchronization signals (PSS), secondary synchronization signals (SSS), channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS), demodulation reference signals (DMRS), sounding reference signals (SRS), and phase-tracking reference signals (PT-RS). These physical layer signals will be described in greater detail below.

FIG. 2B illustrates an example NR control plane protocol stack. As shown in FIG. 2B, the NR control plane protocol stack may use the same/similar first four protocol layers as the example NR user plane protocol stack. These four protocol layers include the PHYs 211 and 221, the MACs 212 and 222, the RLCs 213 and 223, and the PDCPs 214 and 224. Instead of having the SDAPs 215 and 225 at the top of the stack as in the NR user plane protocol stack, the NR control plane stack has radio resource controls (RRCs) 216 and 226 and NAS protocols 217 and 237 at the top of the NR control plane protocol stack.

The NAS protocols 217 and 237 may provide control plane functionality between the UE 210 and the AMF 230 (e.g., the AMF 158A) or, more generally, between the UE 210 and the CN. The NAS protocols 217 and 237 may provide control plane functionality between the UE 210 and the AMF 230 via signaling messages, referred to as NAS messages. There is no direct path between the UE 210 and the AMF 230 through which the NAS messages can be transported. The NAS messages may be transported using the AS of the Uu and NG interfaces. NAS protocols 217 and 237 may provide control plane functionality such as authentication, security, connection setup, mobility management, and session management.

The RRCs 216 and 226 may provide control plane functionality between the UE 210 and the gNB 220 or, more generally, between the UE 210 and the RAN. The RRCs 216 and 226 may provide control plane functionality between the UE 210 and the gNB 220 via signaling messages, referred to as RRC messages. RRC messages may be transmitted between the UE 210 and the RAN using signaling radio bearers and the same/similar PDCP, RLC, MAC, and PHY protocol layers. The MAC may multiplex control-plane and user-plane data into the same transport block (TB). The RRCs 216 and 226 may provide control plane functionality such as: broadcast of system information related to AS and NAS; paging initiated by the CN or the RAN; establishment, maintenance and release of an RRC connection between the UE 210 and the RAN; security functions including key management; establishment, configuration, maintenance and release of signaling radio bearers and data radio bearers; mobility functions; QoS management functions; the UE measurement reporting and control of the reporting; detection of and recovery from radio link failure (RLF); and/or NAS message transfer. As part of establishing an RRC connection, RRCs 216 and 226 may establish an RRC context, which may involve configuring parameters for communication between the UE 210 and the RAN.

FIG. 6 is an example diagram showing RRC state transitions of a UE. The UE may be the same or similar to the wireless device 106 depicted in FIG. 1A, the UE 210 depicted in FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B, or any other wireless device described in the present disclosure. As illustrated in FIG. 6, a UE may be in at least one of three RRC states: RRC connected 602 (e.g., RRC_CONNECTED), RRC idle 604 (e.g., RRC_IDLE), and RRC inactive 606 (e.g., RRC_INACTIVE).

In RRC connected 602, the UE has an established RRC context and may have at least one RRC connection with a base station. The base station may be similar to one of the one or more base stations included in the RAN 104 depicted in FIG. 1A, one of the gNBs 160 or ng-eNBs 162 depicted in FIG. 1B, the gNB 220 depicted in FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B, or any other base station described in the present disclosure. The base station with which the UE is connected may have the RRC context for the UE. The RRC context, referred to as the UE context, may comprise parameters for communication between the UE and the base station. These parameters may include, for example: one or more AS contexts; one or more radio link configuration parameters; bearer configuration information (e.g., relating to a data radio bearer, signaling radio bearer, logical channel, QoS flow, and/or PDU session); security information; and/or PHY, MAC, RLC, PDCP, and/or SDAP layer configuration information. While in RRC connected 602, mobility of the UE may be managed by the RAN (e.g., the RAN 104 or the NG-RAN 154). The UE may measure the signal levels (e.g., reference signal levels) from a serving cell and neighboring cells and report these measurements to the base station currently serving the UE. The UE's serving base station may request a handover to a cell of one of the neighboring base stations based on the reported measurements. The RRC state may transition from RRC connected 602 to RRC idle 604 through a connection release procedure 608 or to RRC inactive 606 through a connection inactivation procedure 610.

In RRC idle 604, an RRC context may not be established for the UE. In RRC idle 604, the UE may not have an RRC connection with the base station. While in RRC idle 604, the UE may be in a sleep state for the majority of the time (e.g., to conserve battery power). The UE may wake up periodically (e.g., once in every discontinuous reception cycle) to monitor for paging messages from the RAN. Mobility of the UE may be managed by the UE through a procedure known as cell reselection. The RRC state may transition from RRC idle 604 to RRC connected 602 through a connection establishment procedure 612, which may involve a random access procedure as discussed in greater detail below.

In RRC inactive 606, the RRC context previously established is maintained in the UE and the base station. This allows for a fast transition to RRC connected 602 with reduced signaling overhead as compared to the transition from RRC idle 604 to RRC connected 602. While in RRC inactive 606, the UE may be in a sleep state and mobility of the UE may be managed by the UE through cell reselection. The RRC state may transition from RRC inactive 606 to RRC connected 602 through a connection resume procedure 614 or to RRC idle 604 though a connection release procedure 616 that may be the same as or similar to connection release procedure 608.

An RRC state may be associated with a mobility management mechanism. In RRC idle 604 and RRC inactive 606, mobility is managed by the UE through cell reselection. The purpose of mobility management in RRC idle 604 and RRC inactive 606 is to allow the network to be able to notify the UE of an event via a paging message without having to broadcast the paging message over the entire mobile communications network. The mobility management mechanism used in RRC idle 604 and RRC inactive 606 may allow the network to track the UE on a cell-group level so that the paging message may be broadcast over the cells of the cell group that the UE currently resides within instead of the entire mobile communication network. The mobility management mechanisms for RRC idle 604 and RRC inactive 606 track the UE on a cell-group level. They may do so using different granularities of grouping. For example, there may be three levels of cell-grouping granularity: individual cells; cells within a RAN area identified by a RAN area identifier (RAI); and cells within a group of RAN areas, referred to as a tracking area and identified by a tracking area identifier (TAI).

Tracking areas may be used to track the UE at the CN level. The CN (e.g., the CN 102 or the 5G-CN 152) may provide the UE with a list of TAIs associated with a UE registration area. If the UE moves, through cell reselection, to a cell associated with a TAI not included in the list of TAIs associated with the UE registration area, the UE may perform a registration update with the CN to allow the CN to update the UE's location and provide the UE with a new the UE registration area.

RAN areas may be used to track the UE at the RAN level. For a UE in RRC inactive 606 state, the UE may be assigned a RAN notification area. A RAN notification area may comprise one or more cell identities, a list of RAIs, or a list of TAIs. In an example, a base station may belong to one or more RAN notification areas. In an example, a cell may belong to one or more RAN notification areas. If the UE moves, through cell reselection, to a cell not included in the RAN notification area assigned to the UE, the UE may perform a notification area update with the RAN to update the UE's RAN notification area.

A base station storing an RRC context for a UE or a last serving base station of the UE may be referred to as an anchor base station. An anchor base station may maintain an RRC context for the UE at least during a period of time that the UE stays in a RAN notification area of the anchor base station and/or during a period of time that the UE stays in RRC inactive 606.

A gNB, such as gNBs 160 in FIG. 1B, may be split in two parts: a central unit (gNB-CU), and one or more distributed units (gNB-DU). A gNB-CU may be coupled to one or more gNB-DUs using an F1 interface. The gNB-CU may comprise the RRC, the PDCP, and the SDAP. A gNB-DU may comprise the RLC, the MAC, and the PHY.

In NR, the physical signals and physical channels (discussed with respect to FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B) may be mapped onto orthogonal frequency divisional multiplexing (OFDM) symbols. OFDM is a multicarrier communication scheme that transmits data over F orthogonal subcarriers (or tones). Before transmission, the data may be mapped to a series of complex symbols (e.g., M-quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM) or M-phase shift keying (M-PSK) symbols), referred to as source symbols, and divided into F parallel symbol streams. The F parallel symbol streams may be treated as though they are in the frequency domain and used as inputs to an Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) block that transforms them into the time domain. The IFFT block may take in F source symbols at a time, one from each of the F parallel symbol streams, and use each source symbol to modulate the amplitude and phase of one of F sinusoidal basis functions that correspond to the F orthogonal subcarriers. The output of the IFFT block may be F time-domain samples that represent the summation of the F orthogonal subcarriers. The F time-domain samples may form a single OFDM symbol. After some processing (e.g., addition of a cyclic prefix) and up-conversion, an OFDM symbol provided by the IFFT block may be transmitted over the air interface on a carrier frequency. The F parallel symbol streams may be mixed using an FFT block before being processed by the IFFT block. This operation produces Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)-precoded OFDM symbols and may be used by UEs in the uplink to reduce the peak to average power ratio (PAPR). Inverse processing may be performed on the OFDM symbol at a receiver using an FFT block to recover the data mapped to the source symbols.

FIG. 7 illustrates an example configuration of an NR frame into which OFDM symbols are grouped. An NR frame may be identified by a system frame number (SFN). The SFN may repeat with a period of 1024 frames. As illustrated, one NR frame may be 10 milliseconds (ms) in duration and may include 10 subframes that are 1 ms in duration. A subframe may be divided into slots that include, for example, 14 OFDM symbols per slot.

The duration of a slot may depend on the numerology used for the OFDM symbols of the slot. In NR, a flexible numerology is supported to accommodate different cell deployments (e.g., cells with carrier frequencies below 1 GHz up to cells with carrier frequencies in the mm-wave range). A numerology may be defined in terms of subcarrier spacing and cyclic prefix duration. For a numerology in NR, subcarrier spacings may be scaled up by powers of two from a baseline subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz, and cyclic prefix durations may be scaled down by powers of two from a baseline cyclic prefix duration of 4.7 μs. For example, NR defines numerologies with the following subcarrier spacing/cyclic prefix duration combinations: 15 kHz/4.7 μs; 30 kHz/2.3 μs; 60 kHz/1.2 μs; 120 kHz/0.59 μs; and 240 kHz/0.29 μs.

A slot may have a fixed number of OFDM symbols (e.g., 14 OFDM symbols). A numerology with a higher subcarrier spacing has a shorter slot duration and, correspondingly, more slots per subframe. FIG. 7 illustrates this numerology-dependent slot duration and slots-per-subframe transmission structure (the numerology with a subcarrier spacing of 240 kHz is not shown in FIG. 7 for ease of illustration). A subframe in NR may be used as a numerology-independent time reference, while a slot may be used as the unit upon which uplink and downlink transmissions are scheduled. To support low latency, scheduling in NR may be decoupled from the slot duration and start at any OFDM symbol and last for as many symbols as needed for a transmission. These partial slot transmissions may be referred to as mini-slot or subslot transmissions.

FIG. 8 illustrates an example configuration of a slot in the time and frequency domain for an NR carrier. The slot includes resource elements (REs) and resource blocks (RBs). An RE is the smallest physical resource in NR. An RE spans one OFDM symbol in the time domain by one subcarrier in the frequency domain as shown in FIG. 8. An RB spans twelve consecutive REs in the frequency domain as shown in FIG. 8. An NR carrier may be limited to a width of 275 RBs or 275×12=3300 subcarriers. Such a limitation, if used, may limit the NR carrier to 50, 100, 200, and 400 MHz for subcarrier spacings of 15, 30, 60, and 120 kHz, respectively, where the 400 MHz bandwidth may be set based on a 400 MHz per carrier bandwidth limit.

FIG. 8 illustrates a single numerology being used across the entire bandwidth of the NR carrier. In other example configurations, multiple numerologies may be supported on the same carrier.

NR may support wide carrier bandwidths (e.g., up to 400 MHz for a subcarrier spacing of 120 kHz). Not all UEs may be able to receive the full carrier bandwidth (e.g., due to hardware limitations). Also, receiving the full carrier bandwidth may be prohibitive in terms of UE power consumption. In an example, to reduce power consumption and/or for other purposes, a UE may adapt the size of the UE's receive bandwidth based on the amount of traffic the UE is scheduled to receive. This is referred to as bandwidth adaptation.

NR defines bandwidth parts (BWPs) to support UEs not capable of receiving the full carrier bandwidth and to support bandwidth adaptation. In an example, a BWP may be defined by a subset of contiguous RBs on a carrier. A UE may be configured (e.g., via RRC layer) with one or more downlink BWPs and one or more uplink BWPs per serving cell (e.g., up to four downlink BWPs and up to four uplink BWPs per serving cell). At a given time, one or more of the configured BWPs for a serving cell may be active. These one or more BWPs may be referred to as active BWPs of the serving cell. When a serving cell is configured with a secondary uplink carrier, the serving cell may have one or more first active BWPs in the uplink carrier and one or more second active BWPs in the secondary uplink carrier.

For unpaired spectra, a downlink BWP from a set of configured downlink BWPs may be linked with an uplink BWP from a set of configured uplink BWPs if a downlink BWP index of the downlink BWP and an uplink BWP index of the uplink BWP are the same. For unpaired spectra, a UE may expect that a center frequency for a downlink BWP is the same as a center frequency for an uplink BWP.

For a downlink BWP in a set of configured downlink BWPs on a primary cell (PCell), a base station may configure a UE with one or more control resource sets (CORESETs) for at least one search space. A search space is a set of locations in the time and frequency domains where the UE may find control information. The search space may be a UE-specific search space or a common search space (potentially usable by a plurality of UEs). For example, a base station may configure a UE with a common search space, on a PCell or on a primary secondary cell (PSCell), in an active downlink BWP.

For an uplink BWP in a set of configured uplink BWPs, a BS may configure a UE with one or more resource sets for one or more PUCCH transmissions. A UE may receive downlink receptions (e.g., PDCCH or PDSCH) in a downlink BWP according to a configured numerology (e.g., subcarrier spacing and cyclic prefix duration) for the downlink BWP. The UE may transmit uplink transmissions (e.g., PUCCH or PUSCH) in an uplink BWP according to a configured numerology (e.g., subcarrier spacing and cyclic prefix length for the uplink BWP).

One or more BWP indicator fields may be provided in Downlink Control Information (DCI). A value of a BWP indicator field may indicate which BWP in a set of configured BWPs is an active downlink BWP for one or more downlink receptions. The value of the one or more BWP indicator fields may indicate an active uplink BWP for one or more uplink transmissions.

A base station may semi-statically configure a UE with a default downlink BWP within a set of configured downlink BWPs associated with a PCell. If the base station does not provide the default downlink BWP to the UE, the default downlink BWP may be an initial active downlink BWP. The UE may determine which BWP is the initial active downlink BWP based on a CORESET configuration obtained using the PBCH.

A base station may configure a UE with a BWP inactivity timer value for a PCell. The UE may start or restart a BWP inactivity timer at any appropriate time. For example, the UE may start or restart the BWP inactivity timer (a) when the UE detects a DCI indicating an active downlink BWP other than a default downlink BWP for a paired spectra operation; or (b) when a UE detects a DCI indicating an active downlink BWP or active uplink BWP other than a default downlink BWP or uplink BWP for an unpaired spectra operation. If the UE does not detect DCI during an interval of time (e.g., 1 ms or 0.5 ms), the UE may run the BWP inactivity timer toward expiration (for example, increment from zero to the BWP inactivity timer value, or decrement from the BWP inactivity timer value to zero). When the BWP inactivity timer expires, the UE may switch from the active downlink BWP to the default downlink BWP.

In an example, a base station may semi-statically configure a UE with one or more BWPs. A UE may switch an active BWP from a first BWP to a second BWP in response to receiving a DCI indicating the second BWP as an active BWP and/or in response to an expiry of the BWP inactivity timer (e.g., if the second BWP is the default BWP).

Downlink and uplink BWP switching (where BWP switching refers to switching from a currently active BWP to a not currently active BWP) may be performed independently in paired spectra. In unpaired spectra, downlink and uplink BWP switching may be performed simultaneously. Switching between configured BWPs may occur based on RRC signaling, DCI, expiration of a BWP inactivity timer, and/or an initiation of random access.

FIG. 9 illustrates an example of bandwidth adaptation using three configured BWPs for an NR carrier. A UE configured with the three BWPs may switch from one BWP to another BWP at a switching point. In the example illustrated in FIG. 9, the BWPs include: a BWP 902 with a bandwidth of 40 MHz and a subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz; a BWP 904 with a bandwidth of 10 MHz and a subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz; and a BWP 906 with a bandwidth of 20 MHz and a subcarrier spacing of 60 kHz. The BWP 902 may be an initial active BWP, and the BWP 904 may be a default BWP. The UE may switch between BWPs at switching points. In the example of FIG. 9, the UE may switch from the BWP 902 to the BWP 904 at a switching point 908. The switching at the switching point 908 may occur for any suitable reason, for example, in response to an expiry of a BWP inactivity timer (indicating switching to the default BWP) and/or in response to receiving a DCI indicating BWP 904 as the active BWP. The UE may switch at a switching point 910 from active BWP 904 to BWP 906 in response receiving a DCI indicating BWP 906 as the active BWP. The UE may switch at a switching point 912 from active BWP 906 to BWP 904 in response to an expiry of a BWP inactivity timer and/or in response receiving a DCI indicating BWP 904 as the active BWP. The UE may switch at a switching point 914 from active BWP 904 to BWP 902 in response receiving a DCI indicating BWP 902 as the active BWP.

If a UE is configured for a secondary cell with a default downlink BWP in a set of configured downlink BWPs and a timer value, UE procedures for switching BWPs on a secondary cell may be the same/similar as those on a primary cell. For example, the UE may use the timer value and the default downlink BWP for the secondary cell in the same/similar manner as the UE would use these values for a primary cell.

To provide for greater data rates, two or more carriers can be aggregated and simultaneously transmitted to/from the same UE using carrier aggregation (CA). The aggregated carriers in CA may be referred to as component carriers (CCs). When CA is used, there are a number of serving cells for the UE, one for a CC. The CCs may have three configurations in the frequency domain.

FIG. 10A illustrates the three CA configurations with two CCs. In the intraband, contiguous configuration 1002, the two CCs are aggregated in the same frequency band (frequency band A) and are located directly adjacent to each other within the frequency band. In the intraband, non-contiguous configuration 1004, the two CCs are aggregated in the same frequency band (frequency band A) and are separated in the frequency band by a gap. In the interband configuration 1006, the two CCs are located in frequency bands (frequency band A and frequency band B).

In an example, up to 32 CCs may be aggregated. The aggregated CCs may have the same or different bandwidths, subcarrier spacing, and/or duplexing schemes (TDD or FDD). A serving cell for a UE using CA may have a downlink CC. For FDD, one or more uplink CCs may be optionally configured for a serving cell. The ability to aggregate more downlink carriers than uplink carriers may be useful, for example, when the UE has more data traffic in the downlink than in the uplink.

When CA is used, one of the aggregated cells for a UE may be referred to as a primary cell (PCell). The PCell may be the serving cell that the UE initially connects to at RRC connection establishment, reestablishment, and/or handover. The PCell may provide the UE with NAS mobility information and the security input. UEs may have different PCells. In the downlink, the carrier corresponding to the PCell may be referred to as the downlink primary CC (DL PCC). In the uplink, the carrier corresponding to the PCell may be referred to as the uplink primary CC (UL PCC). The other aggregated cells for the UE may be referred to as secondary cells (SCells). In an example, the SCells may be configured after the PCell is configured for the UE. For example, an SCell may be configured through an RRC Connection Reconfiguration procedure. In the downlink, the carrier corresponding to an SCell may be referred to as a downlink secondary CC (DL SCC). In the uplink, the carrier corresponding to the SCell may be referred to as the uplink secondary CC (UL SCC).

Configured SCells for a UE may be activated and deactivated based on, for example, traffic and channel conditions. Deactivation of an SCell may mean that PDCCH and PDSCH reception on the SCell is stopped and PUSCH, SRS, and CQI transmissions on the SCell are stopped. Configured SCells may be activated and deactivated using a MAC CE with respect to FIG. 4B. For example, a MAC CE may use a bitmap (e.g., one bit per SCell) to indicate which SCells (e.g., in a subset of configured SCells) for the UE are activated or deactivated. Configured SCells may be deactivated in response to an expiration of an SCell deactivation timer (e.g., one SCell deactivation timer per SCell).

Downlink control information, such as scheduling assignments and scheduling grants, for a cell may be transmitted on the cell corresponding to the assignments and grants, which is known as self-scheduling. The DCI for the cell may be transmitted on another cell, which is known as cross-carrier scheduling. Uplink control information (e.g., HARQ acknowledgments and channel state feedback, such as CQI, PMI, and/or RI) for aggregated cells may be transmitted on the PUCCH of the PCell. For a larger number of aggregated downlink CCs, the PUCCH of the PCell may become overloaded. Cells may be divided into multiple PUCCH groups.

FIG. 10B illustrates an example of how aggregated cells may be configured into one or more PUCCH groups. A PUCCH group 1010 and a PUCCH group 1050 may include one or more downlink CCs, respectively. In the example of FIG. 10B, the PUCCH group 1010 includes three downlink CCs: a PCell 1011, an SCell 1012, and an SCell 1013. The PUCCH group 1050 includes three downlink CCs in the present example: a PCell 1051, an SCell 1052, and an SCell 1053. One or more uplink CCs may be configured as a PCell 1021, an SCell 1022, and an SCell 1023. One or more other uplink CCs may be configured as a primary Scell (PSCell) 1061, an SCell 1062, and an SCell 1063. Uplink control information (UCI) related to the downlink CCs of the PUCCH group 1010, shown as UCI 1031, UCI 1032, and UCI 1033, may be transmitted in the uplink of the PCell 1021. Uplink control information (UCI) related to the downlink CCs of the PUCCH group 1050, shown as UCI 1071, UCI 1072, and UCI 1073, may be transmitted in the uplink of the PSCell 1061. In an example, if the aggregated cells depicted in FIG. 10B were not divided into the PUCCH group 1010 and the PUCCH group 1050, a single uplink PCell to transmit UCI relating to the downlink CCs, and the PCell may become overloaded. By dividing transmissions of UCI between the PCell 1021 and the PSCell 1061, overloading may be prevented.

A cell, comprising a downlink carrier and optionally an uplink carrier, may be assigned with a physical cell ID and a cell index. The physical cell ID or the cell index may identify a downlink carrier and/or an uplink carrier of the cell, for example, depending on the context in which the physical cell ID is used. A physical cell ID may be determined using a synchronization signal transmitted on a downlink component carrier. A cell index may be determined using RRC messages. In the disclosure, a physical cell ID may be referred to as a carrier ID, and a cell index may be referred to as a carrier index. For example, when the disclosure refers to a first physical cell ID for a first downlink carrier, the disclosure may mean the first physical cell ID is for a cell comprising the first downlink carrier. The same/similar concept may apply to, for example, a carrier activation. When the disclosure indicates that a first carrier is activated, the specification may mean that a cell comprising the first carrier is activated.

In CA, a multi-carrier nature of a PHY may be exposed to a MAC. In an example, a HARQ entity may operate on a serving cell. A transport block may be generated per assignment/grant per serving cell. A transport block and potential HARQ retransmissions of the transport block may be mapped to a serving cell.

In the downlink, a base station may transmit (e.g., unicast, multicast, and/or broadcast) one or more Reference Signals (RSs) to a UE (e.g., PSS, SSS, CSI-RS, DMRS, and/or PT-RS, as shown in FIG. 5A). In the uplink, the UE may transmit one or more RSs to the base station (e.g., DMRS, PT-RS, and/or SRS, as shown in FIG. 5B). The PSS and the SSS may be transmitted by the base station and used by the UE to synchronize the UE to the base station. The PSS and the SSS may be provided in a synchronization signal (SS)/physical broadcast channel (PBCH) block that includes the PSS, the SSS, and the PBCH. The base station may periodically transmit a burst of SS/PBCH blocks.

FIG. 11A illustrates an example of an SS/PBCH block's structure and location. A burst of SS/PBCH blocks may include one or more SS/PBCH blocks (e.g., 4 SS/PBCH blocks, as shown in FIG. 11A). Bursts may be transmitted periodically (e.g., every 2 frames or 20 ms). A burst may be restricted to a half-frame (e.g., a first half-frame having a duration of 5 ms). It will be understood that FIG. 11A is an example, and that these parameters (number of SS/PBCH blocks per burst, periodicity of bursts, position of burst within the frame) may be configured based on, for example: a carrier frequency of a cell in which the SS/PBCH block is transmitted; a numerology or subcarrier spacing of the cell; a configuration by the network (e.g., using RRC signaling); or any other suitable factor. In an example, the UE may assume a subcarrier spacing for the SS/PBCH block based on the carrier frequency being monitored, unless the radio network configured the UE to assume a different subcarrier spacing.

The SS/PBCH block may span one or more OFDM symbols in the time domain (e.g., 4 OFDM symbols, as shown in the example of FIG. 11A) and may span one or more subcarriers in the frequency domain (e.g., 240 contiguous subcarriers). The PSS, the SSS, and the PBCH may have a common center frequency. The PSS may be transmitted first and may span, for example, 1 OFDM symbol and 127 subcarriers. The SSS may be transmitted after the PSS (e.g., two symbols later) and may span 1 OFDM symbol and 127 subcarriers. The PBCH may be transmitted after the PSS (e.g., across the next 3 OFDM symbols) and may span 240 subcarriers.

The location of the SS/PBCH block in the time and frequency domains may not be known to the UE (e.g., if the UE is searching for the cell). To find and select the cell, the UE may monitor a carrier for the PSS. For example, the UE may monitor a frequency location within the carrier. If the PSS is not found after a certain duration (e.g., 20 ms), the UE may search for the PSS at a different frequency location within the carrier, as indicated by a synchronization raster. If the PSS is found at a location in the time and frequency domains, the UE may determine, based on a known structure of the SS/PBCH block, the locations of the SSS and the PBCH, respectively. The SS/PBCH block may be a cell-defining SS block (CD-SSB). In an example, a primary cell may be associated with a CD-SSB. The CD-SSB may be located on a synchronization raster. In an example, a cell selection/search and/or reselection may be based on the CD-SSB.

The SS/PBCH block may be used by the UE to determine one or more parameters of the cell. For example, the UE may determine a physical cell identifier (PCI) of the cell based on the sequences of the PSS and the SSS, respectively. The UE may determine a location of a frame boundary of the cell based on the location of the SS/PBCH block. For example, the SS/PBCH block may indicate that it has been transmitted in accordance with a transmission pattern, wherein a SS/PBCH block in the transmission pattern is a known distance from the frame boundary.

The PBCH may use a QPSK modulation and may use forward error correction (FEC). The FEC may use polar coding. One or more symbols spanned by the PBCH may carry one or more DMRSs for demodulation of the PBCH. The PBCH may include an indication of a current system frame number (SFN) of the cell and/or a SS/PBCH block timing index. These parameters may facilitate time synchronization of the UE to the base station. The PBCH may include a master information block (MIB) used to provide the UE with one or more parameters. The MIB may be used by the UE to locate remaining minimum system information (RMSI) associated with the cell. The RMSI may include a System Information Block Type 1 (SIB1). The SIB1 may contain information needed by the UE to access the cell. The UE may use one or more parameters of the MIB to monitor PDCCH, which may be used to schedule PDSCH. The PDSCH may include the SIB 1. The SIB1 may be decoded using parameters provided in the MIB. The PBCH may indicate an absence of SIB 1. Based on the PBCH indicating the absence of SIB1, the UE may be pointed to a frequency. The UE may search for an SS/PBCH block at the frequency to which the UE is pointed.

The UE may assume that one or more SS/PBCH blocks transmitted with a same SS/PBCH block index are quasi co-located (QCLed) (e.g., having the same/similar Doppler spread, Doppler shift, average gain, average delay, and/or spatial Rx parameters). The UE may not assume QCL for SS/PBCH block transmissions having different SS/PBCH block indices.

SS/PBCH blocks (e.g., those within a half-frame) may be transmitted in spatial directions (e.g., using different beams that span a coverage area of the cell). In an example, a first SS/PBCH block may be transmitted in a first spatial direction using a first beam, and a second SS/PBCH block may be transmitted in a second spatial direction using a second beam.

In an example, within a frequency span of a carrier, a base station may transmit a plurality of SS/PBCH blocks. In an example, a first PCI of a first SS/PBCH block of the plurality of SS/PBCH blocks may be different from a second PCI of a second SS/PBCH block of the plurality of SS/PBCH blocks. The PCIs of SS/PBCH blocks transmitted in different frequency locations may be different or the same.

The CSI-RS may be transmitted by the base station and used by the UE to acquire channel state information (CSI). The base station may configure the UE with one or more CSI-RS s for channel estimation or any other suitable purpose. The base station may configure a UE with one or more of the same/similar CSI-RS s. The UE may measure the one or more CSI-RSs. The UE may estimate a downlink channel state and/or generate a CSI report based on the measuring of the one or more downlink CSI-RS s. The UE may provide the CSI report to the base station. The base station may use feedback provided by the UE (e.g., the estimated downlink channel state) to perform link adaptation.

The base station may semi-statically configure the UE with one or more CSI-RS resource sets. A CSI-RS resource may be associated with a location in the time and frequency domains and a periodicity. The base station may selectively activate and/or deactivate a CSI-RS resource. The base station may indicate to the UE that a CSI-RS resource in the CSI-RS resource set is activated and/or deactivated.

The base station may configure the UE to report CSI measurements. The base station may configure the UE to provide CSI reports periodically, aperiodically, or semi-persistently. For periodic CSI reporting, the UE may be configured with a timing and/or periodicity of a plurality of CSI reports. For aperiodic CSI reporting, the base station may request a CSI report. For example, the base station may command the UE to measure a configured CSI-RS resource and provide a CSI report relating to the measurements. For semi-persistent CSI reporting, the base station may configure the UE to transmit periodically, and selectively activate or deactivate the periodic reporting. The base station may configure the UE with a CSI-RS resource set and CSI reports using RRC signaling.

The CSI-RS configuration may comprise one or more parameters indicating, for example, up to 32 antenna ports. The UE may be configured to employ the same OFDM symbols for a downlink CSI-RS and a control resource set (CORESET) when the downlink CSI-RS and CORESET are spatially QCLed and resource elements associated with the downlink CSI-RS are outside of the physical resource blocks (PRBs) configured for the CORESET. The UE may be configured to employ the same OFDM symbols for downlink CSI-RS and SS/PBCH blocks when the downlink CSI-RS and SS/PBCH blocks are spatially QCLed and resource elements associated with the downlink CSI-RS are outside of PRBs configured for the SS/PBCH blocks.

Downlink DMRSs may be transmitted by a base station and used by a UE for channel estimation. For example, the downlink DMRS may be used for coherent demodulation of one or more downlink physical channels (e.g., PDSCH). An NR network may support one or more variable and/or configurable DMRS patterns for data demodulation. At least one downlink DMRS configuration may support a front-loaded DMRS pattern. A front-loaded DMRS may be mapped over one or more OFDM symbols (e.g., one or two adjacent OFDM symbols). A base station may semi-statically configure the UE with a number (e.g. a maximum number) of front-loaded DMRS symbols for PDSCH. A DMRS configuration may support one or more DMRS ports. For example, for single user-MIMO, a DMRS configuration may support up to eight orthogonal downlink DMRS ports per UE. For multiuser-MIMO, a DMRS configuration may support up to 4 orthogonal downlink DMRS ports per UE. A radio network may support (e.g., at least for CP-OFDM) a common DMRS structure for downlink and uplink, wherein a DMRS location, a DMRS pattern, and/or a scrambling sequence may be the same or different. The base station may transmit a downlink DMRS and a corresponding PDSCH using the same precoding matrix. The UE may use the one or more downlink DMRSs for coherent demodulation/channel estimation of the PDSCH.

In an example, a transmitter (e.g., a base station) may use a precoder matrices for a part of a transmission bandwidth. For example, the transmitter may use a first precoder matrix for a first bandwidth and a second precoder matrix for a second bandwidth. The first precoder matrix and the second precoder matrix may be different based on the first bandwidth being different from the second bandwidth. The UE may assume that a same precoding matrix is used across a set of PRBs. The set of PRBs may be denoted as a precoding resource block group (PRG).

A PDSCH may comprise one or more layers. The UE may assume that at least one symbol with DMRS is present on a layer of the one or more layers of the PDSCH. A higher layer may configure up to 3 DMRSs for the PDSCH.

Downlink PT-RS may be transmitted by a base station and used by a UE for phase-noise compensation. Whether a downlink PT-RS is present or not may depend on an RRC configuration. The presence and/or pattern of the downlink PT-RS may be configured on a UE-specific basis using a combination of RRC signaling and/or an association with one or more parameters employed for other purposes (e.g., modulation and coding scheme (MCS)), which may be indicated by DCI. When configured, a dynamic presence of a downlink PT-RS may be associated with one or more DCI parameters comprising at least MCS. An NR network may support a plurality of PT-RS densities defined in the time and/or frequency domains. When present, a frequency domain density may be associated with at least one configuration of a scheduled bandwidth. The UE may assume a same precoding for a DMRS port and a PT-RS port. A number of PT-RS ports may be fewer than a number of DMRS ports in a scheduled resource. Downlink PT-RS may be confined in the scheduled time/frequency duration for the UE. Downlink PT-RS may be transmitted on symbols to facilitate phase tracking at the receiver.

The UE may transmit an uplink DMRS to a base station for channel estimation. For example, the base station may use the uplink DMRS for coherent demodulation of one or more uplink physical channels. For example, the UE may transmit an uplink DMRS with a PUSCH and/or a PUCCH. The uplink DM-RS may span a range of frequencies that is similar to a range of frequencies associated with the corresponding physical channel. The base station may configure the UE with one or more uplink DMRS configurations. At least one DMRS configuration may support a front-loaded DMRS pattern. The front-loaded DMRS may be mapped over one or more OFDM symbols (e.g., one or two adjacent OFDM symbols). One or more uplink DMRSs may be configured to transmit at one or more symbols of a PUSCH and/or a PUCCH. The base station may semi-statically configure the UE with a number (e.g. maximum number) of front-loaded DMRS symbols for the PUSCH and/or the PUCCH, which the UE may use to schedule a single-symbol DMRS and/or a double-symbol DMRS. An NR network may support (e.g., for cyclic prefix orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CP-OFDM)) a common DMRS structure for downlink and uplink, wherein a DMRS location, a DMRS pattern, and/or a scrambling sequence for the DMRS may be the same or different.

A PUSCH may comprise one or more layers, and the UE may transmit at least one symbol with DMRS present on a layer of the one or more layers of the PUSCH. In an example, a higher layer may configure up to three DMRSs for the PUSCH.

Uplink PT-RS (which may be used by a base station for phase tracking and/or phase-noise compensation) may or may not be present depending on an RRC configuration of the UE. The presence and/or pattern of uplink PT-RS may be configured on a UE-specific basis by a combination of RRC signaling and/or one or more parameters employed for other purposes (e.g., Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS)), which may be indicated by DCI. When configured, a dynamic presence of uplink PT-RS may be associated with one or more DCI parameters comprising at least MCS. A radio network may support a plurality of uplink PT-RS densities defined in time/frequency domain. When present, a frequency domain density may be associated with at least one configuration of a scheduled bandwidth. The UE may assume a same precoding for a DMRS port and a PT-RS port. A number of PT-RS ports may be fewer than a number of DMRS ports in a scheduled resource. For example, uplink PT-RS may be confined in the scheduled time/frequency duration for the UE.

SRS may be transmitted by a UE to a base station for channel state estimation to support uplink channel dependent scheduling and/or link adaptation. SRS transmitted by the UE may allow a base station to estimate an uplink channel state at one or more frequencies. A scheduler at the base station may employ the estimated uplink channel state to assign one or more resource blocks for an uplink PUSCH transmission from the UE. The base station may semi-statically configure the UE with one or more SRS resource sets. For an SRS resource set, the base station may configure the UE with one or more SRS resources. An SRS resource set applicability may be configured by a higher layer (e.g., RRC) parameter. For example, when a higher layer parameter indicates beam management, an SRS resource in a SRS resource set of the one or more SRS resource sets (e.g., with the same/similar time domain behavior, periodic, aperiodic, and/or the like) may be transmitted at a time instant (e.g., simultaneously). The UE may transmit one or more SRS resources in SRS resource sets. An NR network may support aperiodic, periodic and/or semi-persistent SRS transmissions. The UE may transmit SRS resources based on one or more trigger types, wherein the one or more trigger types may comprise higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC) and/or one or more DCI formats. In an example, at least one DCI format may be employed for the UE to select at least one of one or more configured SRS resource sets. An SRS trigger type 0 may refer to an SRS triggered based on a higher layer signaling. An SRS trigger type 1 may refer to an SRS triggered based on one or more DCI formats. In an example, when PUSCH and SRS are transmitted in a same slot, the UE may be configured to transmit SRS after a transmission of a PUSCH and a corresponding uplink DMRS.

The base station may semi-statically configure the UE with one or more SRS configuration parameters indicating at least one of following: a SRS resource configuration identifier; a number of SRS ports; time domain behavior of an SRS resource configuration (e.g., an indication of periodic, semi-persistent, or aperiodic SRS); slot, mini-slot, and/or subframe level periodicity; offset for a periodic and/or an aperiodic SRS resource; a number of OFDM symbols in an SRS resource; a starting OFDM symbol of an SRS resource; an SRS bandwidth; a frequency hopping bandwidth; a cyclic shift; and/or an SRS sequence ID.

An antenna port is defined such that the channel over which a symbol on the antenna port is conveyed can be inferred from the channel over which another symbol on the same antenna port is conveyed. If a first symbol and a second symbol are transmitted on the same antenna port, the receiver may infer the channel (e.g., fading gain, multipath delay, and/or the like) for conveying the second symbol on the antenna port, from the channel for conveying the first symbol on the antenna port. A first antenna port and a second antenna port may be referred to as quasi co-located (QCLed) if one or more large-scale properties of the channel over which a first symbol on the first antenna port is conveyed may be inferred from the channel over which a second symbol on a second antenna port is conveyed. The one or more large-scale properties may comprise at least one of: a delay spread; a Doppler spread; a Doppler shift; an average gain; an average delay; and/or spatial Receiving (Rx) parameters.

Channels that use beamforming require beam management. Beam management may comprise beam measurement, beam selection, and beam indication. A beam may be associated with one or more reference signals. For example, a beam may be identified by one or more beamformed reference signals. The UE may perform downlink beam measurement based on downlink reference signals (e.g., a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS)) and generate a beam measurement report. The UE may perform the downlink beam measurement procedure after an RRC connection is set up with a base station.

FIG. 11B illustrates an example of channel state information reference signals (CSI-RSs) that are mapped in the time and frequency domains. A square shown in FIG. 11B may span a resource block (RB) within a bandwidth of a cell. A base station may transmit one or more RRC messages comprising CSI-RS resource configuration parameters indicating one or more CSI-RS s. One or more of the following parameters may be configured by higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC and/or MAC signaling) for a CSI-RS resource configuration: a CSI-RS resource configuration identity, a number of CSI-RS ports, a CSI-RS configuration (e.g., symbol and resource element (RE) locations in a subframe), a CSI-RS subframe configuration (e.g., subframe location, offset, and periodicity in a radio frame), a CSI-RS power parameter, a CSI-RS sequence parameter, a code division multiplexing (CDM) type parameter, a frequency density, a transmission comb, quasi co-location (QCL) parameters (e.g., QCL-scramblingidentity, crs-portscount, mbsfn-subframeconfiglist, csi-rs-configZPid, qcl-csi-rs-configNZPid), and/or other radio resource parameters.

The three beams illustrated in FIG. 11B may be configured for a UE in a UE-specific configuration. Three beams are illustrated in FIG. 11B (beam #1, beam #2, and beam #3), more or fewer beams may be configured. Beam #1 may be allocated with CSI-RS 1101 that may be transmitted in one or more subcarriers in an RB of a first symbol. Beam #2 may be allocated with CSI-RS 1102 that may be transmitted in one or more subcarriers in an RB of a second symbol. Beam #3 may be allocated with CSI-RS 1103 that may be transmitted in one or more subcarriers in an RB of a third symbol. By using frequency division multiplexing (FDM), a base station may use other subcarriers in a same RB (for example, those that are not used to transmit CSI-RS 1101) to transmit another CSI-RS associated with a beam for another UE. By using time domain multiplexing (TDM), beams used for the UE may be configured such that beams for the UE use symbols from beams of other UEs.

CSI-RS s such as those illustrated in FIG. 11B (e.g., CSI-RS 1101, 1102, 1103) may be transmitted by the base station and used by the UE for one or more measurements. For example, the UE may measure a reference signal received power (RSRP) of configured CSI-RS resources. The base station may configure the UE with a reporting configuration and the UE may report the RSRP measurements to a network (for example, via one or more base stations) based on the reporting configuration. In an example, the base station may determine, based on the reported measurement results, one or more transmission configuration indication (TCI) states comprising a number of reference signals. In an example, the base station may indicate one or more TCI states to the UE (e.g., via RRC signaling, a MAC CE, and/or a DCI). The UE may receive a downlink transmission with a receive (Rx) beam determined based on the one or more TCI states. In an example, the UE may or may not have a capability of beam correspondence. If the UE has the capability of beam correspondence, the UE may determine a spatial domain filter of a transmit (Tx) beam based on a spatial domain filter of the corresponding Rx beam. If the UE does not have the capability of beam correspondence, the UE may perform an uplink beam selection procedure to determine the spatial domain filter of the Tx beam. The UE may perform the uplink beam selection procedure based on one or more sounding reference signal (SRS) resources configured to the UE by the base station. The base station may select and indicate uplink beams for the UE based on measurements of the one or more SRS resources transmitted by the UE.

In a beam management procedure, a UE may assess (e.g., measure) a channel quality of one or more beam pair links, a beam pair link comprising a transmitting beam transmitted by a base station and a receiving beam received by the UE. Based on the assessment, the UE may transmit a beam measurement report indicating one or more beam pair quality parameters comprising, e.g., one or more beam identifications (e.g., a beam index, a reference signal index, or the like), RSRP, a precoding matrix indicator (PMI), a channel quality indicator (CQI), and/or a rank indicator (RI).

FIG. 12A illustrates examples of three downlink beam management procedures: P1, P2, and P3. Procedure P1 may enable a UE measurement on transmit (Tx) beams of a transmission reception point (TRP) (or multiple TRPs), e.g., to support a selection of one or more base station Tx beams and/or UE Rx beams (shown as ovals in the top row and bottom row, respectively, of P1). Beamforming at a TRP may comprise a Tx beam sweep for a set of beams (shown, in the top rows of P1 and P2, as ovals rotated in a counter-clockwise direction indicated by the dashed arrow). Beamforming at a UE may comprise an Rx beam sweep for a set of beams (shown, in the bottom rows of P1 and P3, as ovals rotated in a clockwise direction indicated by the dashed arrow). Procedure P2 may be used to enable a UE measurement on Tx beams of a TRP (shown, in the top row of P2, as ovals rotated in a counter-clockwise direction indicated by the dashed arrow). The UE and/or the base station may perform procedure P2 using a smaller set of beams than is used in procedure P1, or using narrower beams than the beams used in procedure P1. This may be referred to as beam refinement. The UE may perform procedure P3 for Rx beam determination by using the same Tx beam at the base station and sweeping an Rx beam at the UE.

FIG. 12B illustrates examples of three uplink beam management procedures: U1, U2, and U3. Procedure U1 may be used to enable a base station to perform a measurement on Tx beams of a UE, e.g., to support a selection of one or more UE Tx beams and/or base station Rx beams (shown as ovals in the top row and bottom row, respectively, of U1). Beamforming at the UE may include, e.g., a Tx beam sweep from a set of beams (shown in the bottom rows of U1 and U3 as ovals rotated in a clockwise direction indicated by the dashed arrow). Beamforming at the base station may include, e.g., an Rx beam sweep from a set of beams (shown, in the top rows of U1 and U2, as ovals rotated in a counter-clockwise direction indicated by the dashed arrow). Procedure U2 may be used to enable the base station to adjust its Rx beam when the UE uses a fixed Tx beam. The UE and/or the base station may perform procedure U2 using a smaller set of beams than is used in procedure P1, or using narrower beams than the beams used in procedure P1. This may be referred to as beam refinement The UE may perform procedure U3 to adjust its Tx beam when the base station uses a fixed Rx beam.

A UE may initiate a beam failure recovery (BFR) procedure based on detecting a beam failure. The UE may transmit a BFR request (e.g., a preamble, a UCI, an SR, a MAC CE, and/or the like) based on the initiating of the BFR procedure. The UE may detect the beam failure based on a determination that a quality of beam pair link(s) of an associated control channel is unsatisfactory (e.g., having an error rate higher than an error rate threshold, a received signal power lower than a received signal power threshold, an expiration of a timer, and/or the like).

The UE may measure a quality of a beam pair link using one or more reference signals (RS s) comprising one or more SS/PBCH blocks, one or more CSI-RS resources, and/or one or more demodulation reference signals (DMRSs). A quality of the beam pair link may be based on one or more of a block error rate (BLER), an RSRP value, a signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) value, a reference signal received quality (RSRQ) value, and/or a CSI value measured on RS resources. The base station may indicate that an RS resource is quasi co-located (QCLed) with one or more DM-RS s of a channel (e.g., a control channel, a shared data channel, and/or the like). The RS resource and the one or more DMRSs of the channel may be QCLed when the channel characteristics (e.g., Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, delay spread, spatial Rx parameter, fading, and/or the like) from a transmission via the RS resource to the UE are similar or the same as the channel characteristics from a transmission via the channel to the UE.

A network (e.g., a gNB and/or an ng-eNB of a network) and/or the UE may initiate a random access procedure. A UE in an RRC IDLE state and/or an RRC_INACTIVE state may initiate the random access procedure to request a connection setup to a network. The UE may initiate the random access procedure from an RRC_CONNECTED state. The UE may initiate the random access procedure to request uplink resources (e.g., for uplink transmission of an SR when there is no PUCCH resource available) and/or acquire uplink timing (e.g., when uplink synchronization status is non-synchronized). The UE may initiate the random access procedure to request one or more system information blocks (SIB s) (e.g., other system information such as SIB2, SIB3, and/or the like). The UE may initiate the random access procedure for a beam failure recovery request. A network may initiate a random access procedure for a handover and/or for establishing time alignment for an SCell addition.

FIG. 13A illustrates a four-step contention-based random access procedure. Prior to initiation of the procedure, a base station may transmit a configuration message 1310 to the UE. The procedure illustrated in FIG. 13A comprises transmission of four messages: a Msg 1 1311, a Msg 2 1312, a Msg 3 1313, and a Msg 4 1314. The Msg 1 1311 may include and/or be referred to as a preamble (or a random access preamble). The Msg 2 1312 may include and/or be referred to as a random access response (RAR).

The configuration message 1310 may be transmitted, for example, using one or more RRC messages. The one or more RRC messages may indicate one or more random access channel (RACH) parameters to the UE. The one or more RACH parameters may comprise at least one of following: general parameters for one or more random access procedures (e.g., RACH-configGeneral); cell-specific parameters (e.g., RACH-ConfigCommon); and/or dedicated parameters (e.g., RACH-configDedicated). The base station may broadcast or multicast the one or more RRC messages to one or more UEs. The one or more RRC messages may be UE-specific (e.g., dedicated RRC messages transmitted to a UE in an RRC_CONNECTED state and/or in an RRC_INACTIVE state). The UE may determine, based on the one or more RACH parameters, a time-frequency resource and/or an uplink transmit power for transmission of the Msg 1 1311 and/or the Msg 3 1313. Based on the one or more RACH parameters, the UE may determine a reception timing and a downlink channel for receiving the Msg 2 1312 and the Msg 4 1314.

The one or more RACH parameters provided in the configuration message 1310 may indicate one or more Physical RACH (PRACH) occasions available for transmission of the Msg 1 1311. The one or more PRACH occasions may be predefined. The one or more RACH parameters may indicate one or more available sets of one or more PRACH occasions (e.g., prach-ConfigIndex). The one or more RACH parameters may indicate an association between (a) one or more PRACH occasions and (b) one or more reference signals. The one or more RACH parameters may indicate an association between (a) one or more preambles and (b) one or more reference signals. The one or more reference signals may be SS/PBCH blocks and/or CSI-RS s. For example, the one or more RACH parameters may indicate a number of SS/PBCH blocks mapped to a PRACH occasion and/or a number of preambles mapped to a SS/PBCH blocks.

The one or more RACH parameters provided in the configuration message 1310 may be used to determine an uplink transmit power of Msg 1 1311 and/or Msg 3 1313. For example, the one or more RACH parameters may indicate a reference power for a preamble transmission (e.g., a received target power and/or an initial power of the preamble transmission). There may be one or more power offsets indicated by the one or more RACH parameters. For example, the one or more RACH parameters may indicate: a power ramping step; a power offset between SSB and CSI-RS; a power offset between transmissions of the Msg 1 1311 and the Msg 3 1313; and/or a power offset value between preamble groups. The one or more RACH parameters may indicate one or more thresholds based on which the UE may determine at least one reference signal (e.g., an SSB and/or CSI-RS) and/or an uplink carrier (e.g., a normal uplink (NUL) carrier and/or a supplemental uplink (SUL) carrier).

The Msg 1 1311 may include one or more preamble transmissions (e.g., a preamble transmission and one or more preamble retransmissions). An RRC message may be used to configure one or more preamble groups (e.g., group A and/or group B). A preamble group may comprise one or more preambles. The UE may determine the preamble group based on a pathloss measurement and/or a size of the Msg 3 1313. The UE may measure an RSRP of one or more reference signals (e.g., SSBs and/or CSI-RS s) and determine at least one reference signal having an RSRP above an RSRP threshold (e.g., rsrp-ThresholdSSB and/or rsrp-ThresholdCSI-RS). The UE may select at least one preamble associated with the one or more reference signals and/or a selected preamble group, for example, if the association between the one or more preambles and the at least one reference signal is configured by an RRC message.

The UE may determine the preamble based on the one or more RACH parameters provided in the configuration message 1310. For example, the UE may determine the preamble based on a pathloss measurement, an RSRP measurement, and/or a size of the Msg 3 1313. As another example, the one or more RACH parameters may indicate: a preamble format; a maximum number of preamble transmissions; and/or one or more thresholds for determining one or more preamble groups (e.g., group A and group B). A base station may use the one or more RACH parameters to configure the UE with an association between one or more preambles and one or more reference signals (e.g., SSBs and/or CSI-RS s). If the association is configured, the UE may determine the preamble to include in Msg 1 1311 based on the association. The Msg 1 1311 may be transmitted to the base station via one or more PRACH occasions. The UE may use one or more reference signals (e.g., SSBs and/or CSI-RS s) for selection of the preamble and for determining of the PRACH occasion. One or more RACH parameters (e.g., ra-ssb-OccasionMsklndex and/or ra-OccasionList) may indicate an association between the PRACH occasions and the one or more reference signals.

The UE may perform a preamble retransmission if no response is received following a preamble transmission. The UE may increase an uplink transmit power for the preamble retransmission. The UE may select an initial preamble transmit power based on a pathloss measurement and/or a target received preamble power configured by the network. The UE may determine to retransmit a preamble and may ramp up the uplink transmit power. The UE may receive one or more RACH parameters (e.g., PREAMBLE POWER RAMPING STEP) indicating a ramping step for the preamble retransmission. The ramping step may be an amount of incremental increase in uplink transmit power for a retransmission. The UE may ramp up the uplink transmit power if the UE determines a reference signal (e.g., SSB and/or CSI-RS) that is the same as a previous preamble transmission. The UE may count a number of preamble transmissions and/or retransmissions (e.g., PREAMBLE TRANSMISSION COUNTER). The UE may determine that a random access procedure completed unsuccessfully, for example, if the number of preamble transmissions exceeds a threshold configured by the one or more RACH parameters (e.g., preambleTransMax).

The Msg 2 1312 received by the UE may include an RAR. In some scenarios, the Msg 2 1312 may include multiple RARs corresponding to multiple UEs. The Msg 2 1312 may be received after or in response to the transmitting of the Msg 1 1311. The Msg 2 1312 may be scheduled on the DL-SCH and indicated on a PDCCH using a random access RNTI (RA-RNTI). The Msg 2 1312 may indicate that the Msg 1 1311 was received by the base station. The Msg 2 1312 may include a time-alignment command that may be used by the UE to adjust the UE's transmission timing, a scheduling grant for transmission of the Msg 3 1313, and/or a Temporary Cell RNTI (TC-RNTI). After transmitting a preamble, the UE may start a time window (e.g., ra-ResponseWindow) to monitor a PDCCH for the Msg 2 1312. The UE may determine when to start the time window based on a PRACH occasion that the UE uses to transmit the preamble. For example, the UE may start the time window one or more symbols after a last symbol of the preamble (e.g., at a first PDCCH occasion from an end of a preamble transmission). The one or more symbols may be determined based on a numerology. The PDCCH may be in a common search space (e.g., a Typel-PDCCH common search space) configured by an RRC message. The UE may identify the RAR based on a Radio Network Temporary Identifier (RNTI). RNTIs may be used depending on one or more events initiating the random access procedure. The UE may use random access RNTI (RA-RNTI). The RA-RNTI may be associated with PRACH occasions in which the UE transmits a preamble. For example, the UE may determine the RA-RNTI based on: an OFDM symbol index; a slot index; a frequency domain index; and/or a UL carrier indicator of the PRACH occasions. An example of RA-RNTI may be as follows:

RA-RNTI=1+s_id+14×t_id+14×80×f_id+14×80×8×ul_carrier_id

where s_id may be an index of a first OFDM symbol of the PRACH occasion (e.g., 0≤s_id <14), t_id may be an index of a first slot of the PRACH occasion in a system frame (e.g., 0≤t_id <80), f_id may be an index of the PRACH occasion in the frequency domain (e.g., 0≤f_id <8), and ul carrier id may be a UL carrier used for a preamble transmission (e.g., 0 for an NUL carrier, and 1 for an SUL carrier).

The UE may transmit the Msg 3 1313 in response to a successful reception of the Msg 2 1312 (e.g., using resources identified in the Msg 2 1312). The Msg 3 1313 may be used for contention resolution in, for example, the contention-based random access procedure illustrated in FIG. 13A. In some scenarios, a plurality of UEs may transmit a same preamble to a base station and the base station may provide an RAR that corresponds to a UE. Collisions may occur if the plurality of UEs interpret the RAR as corresponding to themselves. Contention resolution (e.g., using the Msg 3 1313 and the Msg 4 1314) may be used to increase the likelihood that the UE does not incorrectly use an identity of another the UE. To perform contention resolution, the UE may include a device identifier in the Msg 3 1313 (e.g., a C-RNTI if assigned, a TC-RNTI included in the Msg 2 1312, and/or any other suitable identifier).

The Msg 4 1314 may be received after or in response to the transmitting of the Msg 3 1313. If a C-RNTI was included in the Msg 3 1313, the base station will address the UE on the PDCCH using the C-RNTI. If the UE's unique C-RNTI is detected on the PDCCH, the random access procedure is determined to be successfully completed. If a TC-RNTI is included in the Msg 3 1313 (e.g., if the UE is in an RRC IDLE state or not otherwise connected to the base station), Msg 4 1314 will be received using a DL-SCH associated with the TC-RNTI. If a MAC PDU is successfully decoded and a MAC PDU comprises the UE contention resolution identity MAC CE that matches or otherwise corresponds with the CCCH SDU sent (e.g., transmitted) in Msg 3 1313, the UE may determine that the contention resolution is successful and/or the UE may determine that the random access procedure is successfully completed.

The UE may be configured with a supplementary uplink (SUL) carrier and a normal uplink (NUL) carrier. An initial access (e.g., random access procedure) may be supported in an uplink carrier. For example, a base station may configure the UE with two separate RACH configurations: one for an SUL carrier and the other for an NUL carrier. For random access in a cell configured with an SUL carrier, the network may indicate which carrier to use (NUL or SUL). The UE may determine the SUL carrier, for example, if a measured quality of one or more reference signals is lower than a broadcast threshold. Uplink transmissions of the random access procedure (e.g., the Msg 1 1311 and/or the Msg 3 1313) may remain on the selected carrier. The UE may switch an uplink carrier during the random access procedure (e.g., between the Msg 1 1311 and the Msg 3 1313) in one or more cases. For example, the UE may determine and/or switch an uplink carrier for the Msg 1 1311 and/or the Msg 3 1313 based on a channel clear assessment (e.g., a listen-before-talk).

FIG. 13B illustrates a two-step contention-free random access procedure. Similar to the four-step contention-based random access procedure illustrated in FIG. 13A, a base station may, prior to initiation of the procedure, transmit a configuration message 1320 to the UE. The configuration message 1320 may be analogous in some respects to the configuration message 1310. The procedure illustrated in FIG. 13B comprises transmission of two messages: a Msg 1 1321 and a Msg 2 1322. The Msg 1 1321 and the Msg 2 1322 may be analogous in some respects to the Msg 1 1311 and a Msg 2 1312 illustrated in FIG. 13A, respectively. As will be understood from FIGS. 13A and 13B, the contention-free random access procedure may not include messages analogous to the Msg 3 1313 and/or the Msg 4 1314.

The contention-free random access procedure illustrated in FIG. 13B may be initiated for a beam failure recovery, other SI request, SCell addition, and/or handover. For example, a base station may indicate or assign to the UE the preamble to be used for the Msg 1 1321. The UE may receive, from the base station via PDCCH and/or RRC, an indication of a preamble (e.g., ra-Preamblelndex).

After transmitting a preamble, the UE may start a time window (e.g., ra-ResponseWindow) to monitor a PDCCH for the RAR. In the event of a beam failure recovery request, the base station may configure the UE with a separate time window and/or a separate PDCCH in a search space indicated by an RRC message (e.g., recoverySearchSpaceld). The UE may monitor for a PDCCH transmission addressed to a Cell RNTI (C-RNTI) on the search space. In the contention-free random access procedure illustrated in FIG. 13B, the UE may determine that a random access procedure successfully completes after or in response to transmission of Msg 1 1321 and reception of a corresponding Msg 2 1322. The UE may determine that a random access procedure successfully completes, for example, if a PDCCH transmission is addressed to a C-RNTI. The UE may determine that a random access procedure successfully completes, for example, if the UE receives an RAR comprising a preamble identifier corresponding to a preamble transmitted by the UE and/or the RAR comprises a MAC sub-PDU with the preamble identifier. The UE may determine the response as an indication of an acknowledgement for an SI request.

FIG. 13C illustrates another two-step random access procedure. Similar to the random access procedures illustrated in FIGS. 13A and 13B, a base station may, prior to initiation of the procedure, transmit a configuration message 1330 to the UE. The configuration message 1330 may be analogous in some respects to the configuration message 1310 and/or the configuration message 1320. The procedure illustrated in FIG. 13C comprises transmission of two messages: a Msg A 1331 and a Msg B 1332.

Msg A 1331 may be transmitted in an uplink transmission by the UE. Msg A 1331 may comprise one or more transmissions of a preamble 1341 and/or one or more transmissions of a transport block 1342. The transport block 1342 may comprise contents that are similar and/or equivalent to the contents of the Msg 3 1313 illustrated in FIG. 13A. The transport block 1342 may comprise UCI (e.g., an SR, a HARQ ACK/NACK, and/or the like). The UE may receive the Msg B 1332 after or in response to transmitting the Msg A 1331. The Msg B 1332 may comprise contents that are similar and/or equivalent to the contents of the Msg 2 1312 (e.g., an RAR) illustrated in FIGS. 13A and 13B and/or the Msg 4 1314 illustrated in FIG. 13A.

The UE may initiate the two-step random access procedure in FIG. 13C for licensed spectrum and/or unlicensed spectrum. The UE may determine, based on one or more factors, whether to initiate the two-step random access procedure. The one or more factors may be: a radio access technology in use (e.g., LTE, NR, and/or the like); whether the UE has valid TA or not; a cell size; the UE's RRC state; a type of spectrum (e.g., licensed vs. unlicensed); and/or any other suitable factors.

The UE may determine, based on two-step RACH parameters included in the configuration message 1330, a radio resource and/or an uplink transmit power for the preamble 1341 and/or the transport block 1342 included in the Msg A 1331. The RACH parameters may indicate a modulation and coding schemes (MCS), a time-frequency resource, and/or a power control for the preamble 1341 and/or the transport block 1342. A time-frequency resource for transmission of the preamble 1341 (e.g., a PRACH) and a time-frequency resource for transmission of the transport block 1342 (e.g., a PUSCH) may be multiplexed using FDM, TDM, and/or CDM. The RACH parameters may enable the UE to determine a reception timing and a downlink channel for monitoring for and/or receiving Msg B 1332.

The transport block 1342 may comprise data (e.g., delay-sensitive data), an identifier of the UE, security information, and/or device information (e.g., an International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)). The base station may transmit the Msg B 1332 as a response to the Msg A 1331. The Msg B 1332 may comprise at least one of following: a preamble identifier; a timing advance command; a power control command; an uplink grant (e.g., a radio resource assignment and/or an MCS); a UE identifier for contention resolution; and/or an RNTI (e.g., a C-RNTI or a TC-RNTI). The UE may determine that the two-step random access procedure is successfully completed if: a preamble identifier in the Msg B 1332 is matched to a preamble transmitted by the UE; and/or the identifier of the UE in Msg B 1332 is matched to the identifier of the UE in the Msg A 1331 (e.g., the transport block 1342).

A UE and a base station may exchange control signaling. The control signaling may be referred to as L1/L2 control signaling and may originate from the PHY layer (e.g., layer 1) and/or the MAC layer (e.g., layer 2). The control signaling may comprise downlink control signaling transmitted from the base station to the UE and/or uplink control signaling transmitted from the UE to the base station.

The downlink control signaling may comprise: a downlink scheduling assignment; an uplink scheduling grant indicating uplink radio resources and/or a transport format; a slot format information; a preemption indication; a power control command; and/or any other suitable signaling. The UE may receive the downlink control signaling in a payload transmitted by the base station on a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH). The payload transmitted on the PDCCH may be referred to as downlink control information (DCI). In some scenarios, the PDCCH may be a group common PDCCH (GC-PDCCH) that is common to a group of UEs.

A base station may attach one or more cyclic redundancy check (CRC) parity bits to a DCI in order to facilitate detection of transmission errors. When the DCI is intended for a UE (or a group of the UEs), the base station may scramble the CRC parity bits with an identifier of the UE (or an identifier of the group of the UEs). Scrambling the CRC parity bits with the identifier may comprise Modulo-2 addition (or an exclusive OR operation) of the identifier value and the CRC parity bits. The identifier may comprise a 16-bit value of a radio network temporary identifier (RNTI).

DCIs may be used for different purposes. A purpose may be indicated by the type of RNTI used to scramble the CRC parity bits. For example, a DCI having CRC parity bits scrambled with a paging RNTI (P-RNTI) may indicate paging information and/or a system information change notification. The P-RNTI may be predefined as “FFFE” in hexadecimal. A DCI having CRC parity bits scrambled with a system information RNTI (SI-RNTI) may indicate a broadcast transmission of the system information. The SI-RNTI may be predefined as “FFFF” in hexadecimal. A DCI having CRC parity bits scrambled with a random access RNTI (RA-RNTI) may indicate a random access response (RAR). A DCI having CRC parity bits scrambled with a cell RNTI (C-RNTI) may indicate a dynamically scheduled unicast transmission and/or a triggering of PDCCH-ordered random access. A DCI having CRC parity bits scrambled with a temporary cell RNTI (TC-RNTI) may indicate a contention resolution (e.g., a Msg 3 analogous to the Msg 3 1313 illustrated in FIG. 13A). Other RNTIs configured to the UE by a base station may comprise a Configured Scheduling RNTI (CS-RNTI), a Transmit Power Control-PUCCH RNTI (TPC-PUCCH-RNTI), a Transmit Power Control-PUSCH RNTI (TPC-PUSCH-RNTI), a Transmit Power Control-SRS RNTI (TPC-SRS-RNTI), an Interruption RNTI (INT-RNTI), a Slot Format Indication RNTI (SFI-RNTI), a Semi-Persistent CSI RNTI (SP-CSI-RNTI), a Modulation and Coding Scheme Cell RNTI (MCS-C-RNTI), and/or the like.

Depending on the purpose and/or content of a DCI, the base station may transmit the DCIs with one or more DCI formats. For example, DCI format 0_0 may be used for scheduling of PUSCH in a cell. DCI format 0_0 may be a fallback DCI format (e.g., with compact DCI payloads). DCI format 0_1 may be used for scheduling of PUSCH in a cell (e.g., with more DCI payloads than DCI format 0_0). DCI format 1_0 may be used for scheduling of PDSCH in a cell. DCI format 1_0 may be a fallback DCI format (e.g., with compact DCI payloads). DCI format 1_1 may be used for scheduling of PDSCH in a cell (e.g., with more DCI payloads than DCI format 1_0). DCI format 2_0 may be used for providing a slot format indication to a group of UEs. DCI format 2_1 may be used for notifying a group of UEs of a physical resource block and/or OFDM symbol where the UE may assume no transmission is intended to the UE. DCI format 2_2 may be used for transmission of a transmit power control (TPC) command for PUCCH or PUSCH. DCI format 2_3 may be used for transmission of a group of TPC commands for SRS transmissions by one or more UEs. DCI format(s) for new functions may be defined in future releases. DCI formats may have different DCI sizes, or may share the same DCI size.

After scrambling a DCI with a RNTI, the base station may process the DCI with channel coding (e.g., polar coding), rate matching, scrambling and/or QPSK modulation. A base station may map the coded and modulated DCI on resource elements used and/or configured for a PDCCH. Based on a payload size of the DCI and/or a coverage of the base station, the base station may transmit the DCI via a PDCCH occupying a number of contiguous control channel elements (CCEs). The number of the contiguous CCEs (referred to as aggregation level) may be 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and/or any other suitable number. A CCE may comprise a number (e.g., 6) of resource-element groups (REGs). A REG may comprise a resource block in an OFDM symbol. The mapping of the coded and modulated DCI on the resource elements may be based on mapping of CCEs and REGs (e.g., CCE-to-REG mapping).

FIG. 14A illustrates an example of CORESET configurations for a bandwidth part. The base station may transmit a DCI via a PDCCH on one or more control resource sets (CORESETs). A CORESET may comprise a time-frequency resource in which the UE tries to decode a DCI using one or more search spaces. The base station may configure a CORESET in the time-frequency domain. In the example of FIG. 14A, a first CORESET 1401 and a second CORESET 1402 occur at the first symbol in a slot. The first CORESET 1401 overlaps with the second CORESET 1402 in the frequency domain. A third CORESET 1403 occurs at a third symbol in the slot. A fourth CORESET 1404 occurs at the seventh symbol in the slot. CORESETs may have a different number of resource blocks in frequency domain.

FIG. 14B illustrates an example of a CCE-to-REG mapping for DCI transmission on a CORESET and PDCCH processing. The CCE-to-REG mapping may be an interleaved mapping (e.g., for the purpose of providing frequency diversity) or a non-interleaved mapping (e.g., for the purposes of facilitating interference coordination and/or frequency-selective transmission of control channels). The base station may perform different or same CCE-to-REG mapping on different CORESETs. A CORESET may be associated with a CCE-to-REG mapping by RRC configuration. A CORESET may be configured with an antenna port quasi co-location (QCL) parameter. The antenna port QCL parameter may indicate QCL information of a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) for PDCCH reception in the CORESET.

The base station may transmit, to the UE, RRC messages comprising configuration parameters of one or more CORESETs and one or more search space sets. The configuration parameters may indicate an association between a search space set and a CORESET. A search space set may comprise a set of PDCCH candidates formed by CCEs at a given aggregation level. The configuration parameters may indicate: a number of PDCCH candidates to be monitored per aggregation level; a PDCCH monitoring periodicity and a PDCCH monitoring pattern; one or more DCI formats to be monitored by the UE; and/or whether a search space set is a common search space set or a UE-specific search space set. A set of CCEs in the common search space set may be predefined and known to the UE. A set of CCEs in the UE-specific search space set may be configured based on the UE's identity (e.g., C-RNTI).

As shown in FIG. 14B, the UE may determine a time-frequency resource for a CORESET based on RRC messages. The UE may determine a CCE-to-REG mapping (e.g., interleaved or non-interleaved, and/or mapping parameters) for the CORESET based on configuration parameters of the CORESET. The UE may determine a number (e.g., at most 10) of search space sets configured on the CORESET based on the RRC messages. The UE may monitor a set of PDCCH candidates according to configuration parameters of a search space set. The UE may monitor a set of PDCCH candidates in one or more CORESETs for detecting one or more DCIs. Monitoring may comprise decoding one or more PDCCH candidates of the set of the PDCCH candidates according to the monitored DCI formats. Monitoring may comprise decoding a DCI content of one or more PDCCH candidates with possible (or configured) PDCCH locations, possible (or configured) PDCCH formats (e.g., number of CCEs, number of PDCCH candidates in common search spaces, and/or number of PDCCH candidates in the UE-specific search spaces) and possible (or configured) DCI formats. The decoding may be referred to as blind decoding. The UE may determine a DCI as valid for the UE, in response to CRC checking (e.g., scrambled bits for CRC parity bits of the DCI matching a RNTI value). The UE may process information contained in the DCI (e.g., a scheduling assignment, an uplink grant, power control, a slot format indication, a downlink preemption, and/or the like).

The UE may transmit uplink control signaling (e.g., uplink control information (UCI)) to a base station. The uplink control signaling may comprise hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) acknowledgements for received DL-SCH transport blocks. The UE may transmit the HARQ acknowledgements after receiving a DL-SCH transport block. Uplink control signaling may comprise channel state information (CSI) indicating channel quality of a physical downlink channel. The UE may transmit the CSI to the base station. The base station, based on the received CSI, may determine transmission format parameters (e.g., comprising multi-antenna and beamforming schemes) for a downlink transmission. Uplink control signaling may comprise scheduling requests (SR). The UE may transmit an SR indicating that uplink data is available for transmission to the base station. The UE may transmit a UCI (e.g., HARQ acknowledgements (HARQ-ACK), CSI report, SR, and the like) via a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) or a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH). The UE may transmit the uplink control signaling via a PUCCH using one of several PUCCH formats.

There may be five PUCCH formats and the UE may determine a PUCCH format based on a size of the UCI (e.g., a number of uplink symbols of UCI transmission and a number of UCI bits). PUCCH format 0 may have a length of one or two OFDM symbols and may include two or fewer bits. The UE may transmit UCI in a PUCCH resource using PUCCH format 0 if the transmission is over one or two symbols and the number of HARQ-ACK information bits with positive or negative SR (HARQ-ACK/SR bits) is one or two. PUCCH format 1 may occupy a number between four and fourteen OFDM symbols and may include two or fewer bits. The UE may use PUCCH format 1 if the transmission is four or more symbols and the number of HARQ-ACK/SR bits is one or two. PUCCH format 2 may occupy one or two OFDM symbols and may include more than two bits. The UE may use PUCCH format 2 if the transmission is over one or two symbols and the number of UCI bits is two or more. PUCCH format 3 may occupy a number between four and fourteen OFDM symbols and may include more than two bits. The UE may use PUCCH format 3 if the transmission is four or more symbols, the number of UCI bits is two or more and PUCCH resource does not include an orthogonal cover code. PUCCH format 4 may occupy a number between four and fourteen OFDM symbols and may include more than two bits. The UE may use PUCCH format 4 if the transmission is four or more symbols, the number of UCI bits is two or more and the PUCCH resource includes an orthogonal cover code.

The base station may transmit configuration parameters to the UE for a plurality of PUCCH resource sets using, for example, an RRC message. The plurality of PUCCH resource sets (e.g., up to four sets) may be configured on an uplink BWP of a cell. A PUCCH resource set may be configured with a PUCCH resource set index, a plurality of PUCCH resources with a PUCCH resource being identified by a PUCCH resource identifier (e.g., pucch-Resourceid), and/or a number (e.g. a maximum number) of UCI information bits the UE may transmit using one of the plurality of PUCCH resources in the PUCCH resource set. When configured with a plurality of PUCCH resource sets, the UE may select one of the plurality of PUCCH resource sets based on a total bit length of the UCI information bits (e.g., HARQ-ACK, SR, and/or CSI). If the total bit length of UCI information bits is two or fewer, the UE may select a first PUCCH resource set having a PUCCH resource set index equal to “0”. If the total bit length of UCI information bits is greater than two and less than or equal to a first configured value, the UE may select a second PUCCH resource set having a PUCCH resource set index equal to “1”. If the total bit length of UCI information bits is greater than the first configured value and less than or equal to a second configured value, the UE may select a third PUCCH resource set having a PUCCH resource set index equal to “2”. If the total bit length of UCI information bits is greater than the second configured value and less than or equal to a third value (e.g., 1406), the UE may select a fourth PUCCH resource set having a PUCCH resource set index equal to “3”.

After determining a PUCCH resource set from a plurality of PUCCH resource sets, the UE may determine a PUCCH resource from the PUCCH resource set for UCI (HARQ-ACK, CSI, and/or SR) transmission. The UE may determine the PUCCH resource based on a PUCCH resource indicator in a DCI (e.g., with a DCI format 1_0 or DCI for 1_1) received on a PDCCH. A three-bit PUCCH resource indicator in the DCI may indicate one of eight PUCCH resources in the PUCCH resource set. Based on the PUCCH resource indicator, the UE may transmit the UCI (HARQ-ACK, CSI and/or SR) using a PUCCH resource indicated by the PUCCH resource indicator in the DCI.

FIG. 15 illustrates an example of a wireless device 1502 in communication with a base station 1504 in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. The wireless device 1502 and base station 1504 may be part of a mobile communication network, such as the mobile communication network 100 illustrated in FIG. 1A, the mobile communication network 150 illustrated in FIG. 1B, or any other communication network. Only one wireless device 1502 and one base station 1504 are illustrated in FIG. 15, but it will be understood that a mobile communication network may include more than one UE and/or more than one base station, with the same or similar configuration as those shown in FIG. 15.

The base station 1504 may connect the wireless device 1502 to a core network (not shown) through radio communications over the air interface (or radio interface) 1506. The communication direction from the base station 1504 to the wireless device 1502 over the air interface 1506 is known as the downlink, and the communication direction from the wireless device 1502 to the base station 1504 over the air interface is known as the uplink. Downlink transmissions may be separated from uplink transmissions using FDD, TDD, and/or some combination of the two duplexing techniques.

In the downlink, data to be sent to the wireless device 1502 from the base station 1504 may be provided to the processing system 1508 of the base station 1504. The data may be provided to the processing system 1508 by, for example, a core network. In the uplink, data to be sent to the base station 1504 from the wireless device 1502 may be provided to the processing system 1518 of the wireless device 1502. The processing system 1508 and the processing system 1518 may implement layer 3 and layer 2 OSI functionality to process the data for transmission. Layer 2 may include an SDAP layer, a PDCP layer, an RLC layer, and a MAC layer, for example, with respect to FIG. 2A, FIG. 2B, FIG. 3, and FIG. 4A. Layer 3 may include an RRC layer as with respect to FIG. 2B.

After being processed by processing system 1508, the data to be sent to the wireless device 1502 may be provided to a transmission processing system 1510 of base station 1504. Similarly, after being processed by the processing system 1518, the data to be sent to base station 1504 may be provided to a transmission processing system 1520 of the wireless device 1502. The transmission processing system 1510 and the transmission processing system 1520 may implement layer 1 OSI functionality. Layer 1 may include a PHY layer with respect to FIG. 2A, FIG. 2B, FIG. 3, and FIG. 4A. For transmit processing, the PHY layer may perform, for example, forward error correction coding of transport channels, interleaving, rate matching, mapping of transport channels to physical channels, modulation of physical channel, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) or multi-antenna processing, and/or the like.

At the base station 1504, a reception processing system 1512 may receive the uplink transmission from the wireless device 1502. At the wireless device 1502, a reception processing system 1522 may receive the downlink transmission from base station 1504. The reception processing system 1512 and the reception processing system 1522 may implement layer 1 OSI functionality. Layer 1 may include a PHY layer with respect to FIG. 2A, FIG. 2B, FIG. 3, and FIG. 4A. For receive processing, the PHY layer may perform, for example, error detection, forward error correction decoding, deinterleaving, demapping of transport channels to physical channels, demodulation of physical channels, MIMO or multi-antenna processing, and/or the like.

As shown in FIG. 15, a wireless device 1502 and the base station 1504 may include multiple antennas. The multiple antennas may be used to perform one or more MIMO or multi-antenna techniques, such as spatial multiplexing (e.g., single-user MIMO or multi-user MIMO), transmit/receive diversity, and/or beamforming. In other examples, the wireless device 1502 and/or the base station 1504 may have a single antenna.

The processing system 1508 and the processing system 1518 may be associated with a memory 1514 and a memory 1524, respectively. Memory 1514 and memory 1524 (e.g., one or more non-transitory computer readable mediums) may store computer program instructions or code that may be executed by the processing system 1508 and/or the processing system 1518 to carry out one or more of the functionalities discussed in the present application. Although not shown in FIG. 15, the transmission processing system 1510, the transmission processing system 1520, the reception processing system 1512, and/or the reception processing system 1522 may be coupled to a memory (e.g., one or more non-transitory computer readable mediums) storing computer program instructions or code that may be executed to carry out one or more of their respective functionalities.

The processing system 1508 and/or the processing system 1518 may comprise one or more controllers and/or one or more processors. The one or more controllers and/or one or more processors may comprise, for example, a general-purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a microcontroller, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) and/or other programmable logic device, discrete gate and/or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, an on-board unit, or any combination thereof. The processing system 1508 and/or the processing system 1518 may perform at least one of signal coding/processing, data processing, power control, input/output processing, and/or any other functionality that may enable the wireless device 1502 and the base station 1504 to operate in a wireless environment.

The processing system 1508 and/or the processing system 1518 may be connected to one or more peripherals 1516 and one or more peripherals 1526, respectively. The one or more peripherals 1516 and the one or more peripherals 1526 may include software and/or hardware that provide features and/or functionalities, for example, a speaker, a microphone, a keypad, a display, a touchpad, a power source, a satellite transceiver, a universal serial bus (USB) port, a hands-free headset, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a media player, an Internet browser, an electronic control unit (e.g., for a motor vehicle), and/or one or more sensors (e.g., an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a temperature sensor, a radar sensor, a lidar sensor, an ultrasonic sensor, a light sensor, a camera, and/or the like). The processing system 1508 and/or the processing system 1518 may receive user input data from and/or provide user output data to the one or more peripherals 1516 and/or the one or more peripherals 1526. The processing system 1518 in the wireless device 1502 may receive power from a power source and/or may be configured to distribute the power to the other components in the wireless device 1502. The power source may comprise one or more sources of power, for example, a battery, a solar cell, a fuel cell, or any combination thereof. The processing system 1508 and/or the processing system 1518 may be connected to a GPS chipset 1517 and a GPS chipset 1527, respectively. The GPS chipset 1517 and the GPS chipset 1527 may be configured to provide geographic location information of the wireless device 1502 and the base station 1504, respectively.

FIG. 16A illustrates an example structure for uplink transmission. A baseband signal representing a physical uplink shared channel may perform one or more functions. The one or more functions may comprise at least one of: scrambling; modulation of scrambled bits to generate complex-valued symbols; mapping of the complex-valued modulation symbols onto one or several transmission layers; transform precoding to generate complex-valued symbols; precoding of the complex-valued symbols; mapping of precoded complex-valued symbols to resource elements; generation of complex-valued time-domain Single Carrier-Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) or CP-OFDM signal for an antenna port; and/or the like. In an example, when transform precoding is enabled, a SC-FDMA signal for uplink transmission may be generated. In an example, when transform precoding is not enabled, an CP-OFDM signal for uplink transmission may be generated by FIG. 16A. These functions are illustrated as examples and it is anticipated that other mechanisms may be implemented in various embodiments.

FIG. 16B illustrates an example structure for modulation and up-conversion of a baseband signal to a carrier frequency. The baseband signal may be a complex-valued SC-FDMA or CP-OFDM baseband signal for an antenna port and/or a complex-valued Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) baseband signal. Filtering may be employed prior to transmission.

FIG. 16C illustrates an example structure for downlink transmissions. A baseband signal representing a physical downlink channel may perform one or more functions. The one or more functions may comprise: scrambling of coded bits in a codeword to be transmitted on a physical channel; modulation of scrambled bits to generate complex-valued modulation symbols; mapping of the complex-valued modulation symbols onto one or several transmission layers; precoding of the complex-valued modulation symbols on a layer for transmission on the antenna ports; mapping of complex-valued modulation symbols for an antenna port to resource elements; generation of complex-valued time-domain OFDM signal for an antenna port; and/or the like. These functions are illustrated as examples and it is anticipated that other mechanisms may be implemented in various embodiments.

FIG. 16D illustrates another example structure for modulation and up-conversion of a baseband signal to a carrier frequency. The baseband signal may be a complex-valued OFDM baseband signal for an antenna port. Filtering may be employed prior to transmission.

A wireless device may receive from a base station one or more messages (e.g. RRC messages) comprising configuration parameters of a plurality of cells (e.g. primary cell, secondary cell). The wireless device may communicate with at least one base station (e.g. two or more base stations in dual-connectivity) via the plurality of cells. The one or more messages (e.g. as a part of the configuration parameters) may comprise parameters of physical, MAC, RLC, PCDP, SDAP, RRC layers for configuring the wireless device. For example, the configuration parameters may comprise parameters for configuring physical and MAC layer channels, bearers, etc. For example, the configuration parameters may comprise parameters indicating values of timers for physical, MAC, RLC, PCDP, SDAP, RRC layers, and/or communication channels.

A timer may begin running once it is started and continue running until it is stopped or until it expires. A timer may be started if it is not running or restarted if it is running. A timer may be associated with a value (e.g. the timer may be started or restarted from a value or may be started from zero and expire once it reaches the value). The duration of a timer may not be updated until the timer is stopped or expires (e.g., due to BWP switching). A timer may be used to measure a time period/window for a process. When the specification refers to an implementation and procedure related to one or more timers, it will be understood that there are multiple ways to implement the one or more timers. For example, it will be understood that one or more of the multiple ways to implement a timer may be used to measure a time period/window for the procedure. For example, a random access response window timer may be used for measuring a window of time for receiving a random access response. In an example, instead of starting and expiry of a random access response window timer, the time difference between two time stamps may be used. When a timer is restarted, a process for measurement of time window may be restarted. Other example implementations may be provided to restart a measurement of a time window.

FIG. 17 illustrates examples of device-to-device (D2D) communication, in which there is a direct communication between wireless devices. In an example, D2D communication may be performed via a sidelink (SL). The wireless devices may exchange sidelink communications via a sidelink interface (e.g., a PC5 interface). Sidelink differs from uplink (in which a wireless device communicates to a base station) and downlink (in which a base station communicates to a wireless device). A wireless device and a base station may exchange uplink and/or downlink communications via a user plane interface (e.g., a Uu interface).

As shown in the figure, wireless device #1 and wireless device #2 may be in a coverage area of base station #1. For example, both wireless device #1 and wireless device #2 may communicate with the base station #1 via a Uu interface. Wireless device #3 may be in a coverage area of base station #2. Base station #1 and base station #2 may share a network and may jointly provide a network coverage area. Wireless device #4 and wireless device #5 may be outside of the network coverage area.

In-coverage D2D communication may be performed when two wireless devices share a network coverage area. Wireless device #1 and wireless device #2 are both in the coverage area of base station #1. Accordingly, they may perform an in-coverage intra-cell D2D communication, labeled as sidelink A. Wireless device #2 and wireless device #3 are in the coverage areas of different base stations, but share the same network coverage area. Accordingly, they may perform an in-coverage inter-cell D2D communication, labeled as sidelink B. Partial-coverage D2D communications may be performed when one wireless device is within the network coverage area and the other wireless device is outside the network coverage area. Wireless device #3 and wireless device #4 may perform a partial-coverage D2D communication, labeled as sidelink C. Out-of-coverage D2D communications may be performed when both wireless devices are outside of the network coverage area. Wireless device #4 and wireless device #5 may perform an out-of-coverage D2D communication, labeled as sidelink D.

Sidelink communications may be configured using physical channels, for example, a physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH), a physical sidelink feedback channel (PSFCH), a physical sidelink discovery channel (PSDCH), a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH), and/or a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH). PSBCH may be used by a first wireless device to send broadcast information to a second wireless device. PSBCH may be similar in some respects to PBCH. The broadcast information may comprise, for example, a slot format indication, resource pool information, a sidelink system frame number, or any other suitable broadcast information. PSFCH may be used by a first wireless device to send feedback information to a second wireless device. The feedback information may comprise, for example, HARQ feedback information. PSDCH may be used by a first wireless device to send discovery information to a second wireless device. The discovery information may be used by a wireless device to signal its presence and/or the availability of services to other wireless devices in the area. PSCCH may be used by a first wireless device to send sidelink control information (SCI) to a second wireless device. PSCCH may be similar in some respects to PDCCH and/or PUCCH. The control information may comprise, for example, time/frequency resource allocation information (RB size, a number of retransmissions, etc.), demodulation related information (DMRS, MCS, RV, etc.), identifying information for a transmitting wireless device and/or a receiving wireless device, a process identifier (HARQ, etc.), or any other suitable control information. The PSCCH may be used to allocate, prioritize, and/or reserve sidelink resources for sidelink transmissions. PSSCH may be used by a first wireless device to send and/or relay data and/or network information to a second wireless device. PSSCH may be similar in some respects to PDSCH and/or PUSCH. Each of the sidelink channels may be associated with one or more demodulation reference signals. Sidelink operations may utilize sidelink synchronization signals to establish a timing of sidelink operations. Wireless devices configured for sidelink operations may send sidelink synchronization signals, for example, with the PSBCH. The sidelink synchronization signals may include primary sidelink synchronization signals (PSSS) and secondary sidelink synchronization signals (SSSS).

Sidelink resources may be configured to a wireless device in any suitable manner. A wireless device may be pre-configured for sidelink, for example, pre-configured with sidelink resource information. Additionally or alternatively, a network may broadcast system information relating to a resource pool for sidelink. Additionally or alternatively, a network may configure a particular wireless device with a dedicated sidelink configuration. The configuration may identify sidelink resources to be used for sidelink operation (e.g., configure a sidelink band combination).

The wireless device may operate in different modes, for example, an assisted mode (which may be referred to as mode 1) or an autonomous mode (which may be referred to as mode 2). Mode selection may be based on a coverage status of the wireless device, a radio resource control status of the wireless device, information and/or instructions from the network, and/or any other suitable factors. For example, if the wireless device is idle or inactive, or if the wireless device is outside of network coverage, the wireless device may select to operate in autonomous mode. For example, if the wireless device is in a connected mode (e.g., connected to a base station), the wireless device may select to operate (or be instructed by the base station to operate) in assisted mode. For example, the network (e.g., a base station) may instruct a connected wireless device to operate in a particular mode.

In an assisted mode, the wireless device may request scheduling from the network. For example, the wireless device may send a scheduling request to the network and the network may allocate sidelink resources to the wireless device. Assisted mode may be referred to as network-assisted mode, gNB-assisted mode, or base station-assisted mode. In an autonomous mode, the wireless device may select sidelink resources based on measurements within one or more resource pools (for example, pre-configure or network-assigned resource pools), sidelink resource selections made by other wireless devices, and/or sidelink resource usage of other wireless devices.

To select sidelink resources, a wireless device may observe a sensing window and a selection window. During the sensing window, the wireless device may observe SCI transmitted by other wireless devices using the sidelink resource pool. The SCIs may identify resources that may be used and/or reserved for sidelink transmissions. Based on the resources identified in the SCIs, the wireless device may select resources within the selection window (for example, resource that are different from the resources identified in the SCIs). The wireless device may transmit using the selected sidelink resources.

FIG. 18 illustrates an example of a resource pool for sidelink operations. A wireless device may operate using one or more sidelink cells. A sidelink cell may include one or more resource pools. Each resource pool may be configured to operate in accordance with a particular mode (for example, assisted or autonomous). The resource pool may be divided into resource units. In the frequency domain, each resource unit may comprise, for example, one or more resource blocks which may be referred to as a sub-channel. In the time domain, each resource unit may comprise, for example, one or more slots, one or more subframes, and/or one or more OFDM symbols. The resource pool may be continuous or non-continuous in the frequency domain and/or the time domain (for example, comprising contiguous resource units or non-contiguous resource units). The resource pool may be divided into repeating resource pool portions. The resource pool may be shared among one or more wireless devices. Each wireless device may attempt to transmit using different resource units, for example, to avoid collisions.

Sidelink resource pools may be arranged in any suitable manner. In the figure, the example resource pool is non-contiguous in the time domain and confined to a single sidelink BWP. In the example resource pool, frequency resources are divided into a Nf resource units per unit of time, numbered from zero to Nf-1. The example resource pool may comprise a plurality of portions (non-contiguous in this example) that repeat every k units of time. In the figure, time resources are numbered as n, n+1 . . . n+k, n+k+1 . . . , etc.

A wireless device may select for transmission one or more resource units from the resource pool. In the example resource pool, the wireless device selects resource unit (n,0) for sidelink transmission. The wireless device may further select periodic resource units in later portions of the resource pool, for example, resource unit (n+k,0), resource unit (n+2k,0), resource unit (n+3k,0), etc. The selection may be based on, for example, a determination that a transmission using resource unit (n,0) will not (or is not likely) to collide with a sidelink transmission of a wireless device that shares the sidelink resource pool. The determination may be based on, for example, behavior of other wireless devices that share the resource pool. For example, if no sidelink transmissions are detected in resource unit (n−k,0), then the wireless device may select resource unit (n,0), resource (n+k,0), etc. For example, if a sidelink transmission from another wireless device is detected in resource unit (n-k,1), then the wireless device may avoid selection of resource unit (n,1), resource (n+k,1), etc.

Different sidelink physical channels may use different resource pools. For example, PSCCH may use a first resource pool and PSSCH may use a second resource pool. Different resource priorities may be associated with different resource pools. For example, data associated with a first QoS, service, priority, and/or other characteristic may use a first resource pool and data associated with a second QoS, service, priority, and/or other characteristic may use a second resource pool. For example, a network (e.g., a base station) may configure a priority level for each resource pool, a service to be supported for each resource pool, etc. For example, a network (e.g., a base station) may configure a first resource pool for use by unicast UEs, a second resource pool for use by groupcast UEs, etc. For example, a network (e.g., a base station) may configure a first resource pool for transmission of sidelink data, a second resource pool for transmission of discovery messages, etc.

In sidelink operation, a limit on system performance may be imposed by in-band emissions. An in-band emission (IBE) is interference caused by one transmitter transmitting on one subchannel and imposed on another transmitter transmitting to a receiver on another subchannel. FIG. 19 is a diagram illustrating a plot of an in-band emissions model for a transmitted signal. The plot of the in-band emissions model shows that nearby subchannels as well as other subchannels (e.g., I/Q or image subchannels) experience more interference from the transmitted signal.

On the other hand, when a D2D UE operates in a cellular network, the power radiated by the D2D UE may cause serious interference to cellular communications. In particular, when a D2D UE uses only some frequency resources in a particular slot or subframe, the in-band emissions of the power radiated by the D2D UE may cause serious interference to other frequency resources in the particular slot or subframe used by cellular communications. To prevent this problem, a D2D UE may perform a cellular pathloss-based power control to control the transmission power of the D2D UE. The parameters used for power control may be configured by a base station. The transmission power P of the D2D UE may be calculated using one or more of the following parameters: PO (minimum transmission power), alpha (pathloss compensation value), and pathloss estimation by a receiver UE from a transmitter UE or a base station. The transmission power P may be calculated as P=P0+alpha*pathloss.

In D2D communication, a transmitting UE may correspond to a half-duplex UE that is unable to perform reception at the same time the UE is performing transmission. The transmitting UE may fail to receive the transmission of another UE due to the half-duplex problem. To mitigate this half duplex problem, different D2D UEs performing communication may transmit signals at one or more different time resources.

D2D operation may have various advantages in that D2D communication is generally performed between devices in relatively close proximity to each other (e.g., as compared to UE to base station communication). D2D operation may also have a high transfer rate and a low latency and may perform data communication. Furthermore, in D2D operation, traffic concentrated on a base station may be distributed. If a D2D UE plays the role of a relay, the D2D operation may also extend the coverage of a base station.

The above-described D2D communication may be applied to signal transmission and/or reception between vehicles. Vehicle-related communication may be referred to as vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication. In V2X, the ‘X’ may refer to: a pedestrian and, in this case, V2X may by indicated by V2P (communication between a vehicle and a device carried by an individual (e.g., handheld terminal carried by a pedestrian, cyclist, driver or passenger)); a vehicle and, in this case, V2X may be indicated V2V (communication between vehicles); and an infrastructure/network and, in this case, V2X may be indicated by V2I/N (communication between a vehicle and a roadside unit (RSU)/network). A RSU may be a transportation infrastructure entity (e.g., an entity transmitting speed notifications) implemented in a base station or a stationary UE. For V2X communication, a vehicle, an RSU, and a handheld device may be equipped with a transceiver. FIG. 20 illustrates a diagram of different V2X communications, including V2V, V2P, and V21/N.

V2X communication may be used to indicate warnings for various events. For example, information on an event occurring on a vehicle or road may be notified to another vehicle or pedestrian through V2X communication. For example, information of a traffic accident or a change in a road situation may be forwarded from one vehicle to another vehicle or pedestrian. For example, a pedestrian, who is adjacent to or crossing a road, may be informed of information by a vehicle travelling on the road and approaching the pedestrian.

In V2X communication, one challenge may be to avoid collisions between V2X transmissions over a wireless channel and guarantee a minimum communication quality even in dense UE scenarios. Wireless congestion control may represent a family of mechanisms to mitigate such collisions by adjusting one or more communication parameters to control the congestion level on a wireless channel. A wireless device may measure the following two metrics to characterize the state of a wireless channel and allow the wireless device to take necessary actions to control congestion on the wireless channel. The first metric may be a channel busy radio (CBR), which may be defined as the portion (or number) of subchannels in a resource pool with measured RSSIs exceeding a (pre)configured threshold. The frequency resources of the resource pool may be divided into a number of subchannels. Such a metric may be sensed over, for example, 100 slots or subframes. The CBR may provide an estimation of the state of the wireless channel. The second metric may be a channel occupancy ratio (CR). The CR may be calculated at a slot or subframe n and may be defined as a number of subchannels used for sidelink transmissions in slots n-a to n-b, where a and/or b may be determined by the wireless device or may be fixed parameters. The CR may provide an indication of the channel utilization by the wireless device itself. For each CBR value sensed over some interval (e.g., 100 slots or subframes), a CR limit may be defined as a footprint that the transmitter should not exceed. A different CR limit may be configured by a base station for different ranges of CBR values and packet priorities. For example, a lower CR limit may be configured for a range of higher CBR values than a range of lower CBR values. In another example, a lower CR limit may be configured for a lower packet priority than a higher packet priority.

When a wireless device decides to transmit a packet, the wireless device may map a sensed CBR value to a CBR range to get a corresponding CR limit value. If the wireless device's calculated CR is higher than the CR limit, the wireless device may decrease the wireless device's CR below the CR limit. In an example, one or more of following techniques may be used to reduce the wireless device's CR limit: 1) drop packet retransmission: if a packet retransmission feature (e.g., a feature to retransmit a packet not successfully received by a receiver) is enabled, the wireless device may disable the retransmission feature; 2) drop packet transmission: the wireless device may drop a packet for transmission (including any retransmission of the packet if such a retransmission feature is enabled); and 3) adapt the MCS: the wireless device may reduce the wireless device's CR by augmenting the MCS index used by the wireless device to transmit data or information.; 4) adapt transmission power: the wireless device may reduce its transmission power and, consequently, the overall CBR in the area may be reduced, and the value of CR limit might be increased. The third technique may reduce the number of subchannels used for the transmission. However, increasing the MCS reduces the robustness of the message, and thus reduces the range of the message

To support various V2X services such as autonomous driving, platooning, remote driving, and see through, some services may be supported by unicast or groupcast instead of broadcast to improve resource efficiency Groupcast means that communication may be done between only group member UEs, and unicast means that communication may be done between a single transmitter and target receiver UE. Broadcast means that communication may be done among all UEs in a communication range. For example, a platooning service that may reduce the fuel consumption by forming a group of vehicles may require exchanging messages among the vehicles within a specific platooning group. For another example, a single target receiver may be considered in a see through service where a vehicle may deliver the front image or video to the vehicle behind it. In such a scenario, unicast may be used to the transmit the front image or video from the front vehicle to the back vehicle. These various V2X services may need to be operated in unicast, groupcast, and broadcast in “sidelink” communication because they must operate reliably in the absence of network coverage.

In an example, a wireless device may perform a sensing operation for resource selection in sidelink communication. In the sensing operation, the wireless device may decode one or more physical sidelink control channels (PSCCHs) of other wireless devices for a first time period. The first time period may be called as a “sensing window”. Based on decoding of the one or more PSCCHs within the sensing window, the wireless device may identify one or more resources that may be used or reserved for sidelink transmissions within a second time period. The second time period may be called as a “selection window”. The wireless device may select, in the selection window, one or more transmission resources that may be not used by other wireless devices.

In some embodiments, “configuring something” may mean transmitting a configuration messages indicating the something. The configuration message may be one or more configuration messages. The configuration message may be transmitted/signaled/received via an SIB. The configuration message may be transmitted/signaled/received via an RRC. The configuration message may be transmitted/signaled/received via a DCI. The configuration message may be transmitted/signaled/received via a sidelink RRC. The configuration message may be transmitted/signaled/received via a sidelink MAC CE. The configuration message may be transmitted/signaled/received via a sidelink control information.

In existing technologies, when a wireless device has an urgent packet to be transmitted, a preemption operation may be implemented. Existing sidelink preemption operation may use a preemption SCI format or a preemption field in an SCI to indicate preemption of one or more sidelink radio resources to other wireless devices. In an example, preemption operation may use the priority of a transport block (e.g. indicated in the SCI) as an indication of preemption of other UEs. For example, the wireless device may transmit a preemption signal (e.g. using SCI) to use a resource already reserved by a second wireless device. In response to receiving the preemption signal, the second wireless device may perform resource reselection without using the resource. For example, the wireless device may transmit SCI comprising a priority of a sidelink transport block and a transport block. The priority may indicate that other UEs using the resources the transport block are pre-empted. Implementation of existing technologies may result in too many wireless devices preempting resources reserved by other wireless devices. Too many resource reselections may be triggered and packet dropping may happen frequently. These may degrade overall system performance. When sidelink congestion level is high, resource collision may happen in sidelink and performance may be degraded.

Example embodiments of present disclosure implements an enhanced sidelink preemption operations. A base station may transmit to a first wireless device one or more RRC configuration parameters comprising a priority threshold for preemption of sidelink transmissions. The priority threshold may be used by a preempting wireless device for transmission of preempting traffic. The priority threshold may be used by a pre-empted wireless device for determining that one or more radio resources are pre-empted. Configuration of the priority threshold enables base station to control pre-empting resources reserved by other wireless devices. This may limit amount of pre-empting resources and resource reselections. Example embodiments implements dropping behavior when preemption indication was received. For example, a wireless device may receive an indication of preemption. The wireless device may select one or more resources for transmission. The indication of preemption may indicate one or more preempting resources. The wireless device may drop partially or fully overlapped resources with the one or more preempting resources, not all selected resources. This may prevent excessive packet dropping and limit amount of resource reselection. Based on example embodiments, a high priority packet may achieve better performance and increase sidelink transmission efficiency. From a preempted wireless device perspective, due to controlling amount of preemption operation in a network, example embodiments may reduce resource reselection and packet delay due to an excessive packet dropping.

In an example embodiment, a base station may transmit, to a first wireless device, one or more configuration messages indicating a priority threshold for preemption. The first wireless device may receive, from a second wireless device, sidelink control information (SCI) indicating a priority and resource assignment. The resource assignment may indicate one or more first resources. The first wireless device may reserve or select one or more second resources. If the priority indicates higher priority than the threshold, and if there is (fully or partially) overlap between the one or more first resources and the one or more second resources, the first wireless device may drop a portion of the one or more second resources.

The first wireless device may determine there is a resource overlap between the one or more first resources of the sidelink transport block and one or more second resources of one or more sidelink transmissions of the first wireless device. The first wireless device may determine that overlapping resources are preempted based on the priority and the priority threshold. This enables the wireless device to selectively determine pre-emption based on the priority of the transport block and the configured priority threshold. For example, this may limit pre-emption to a limited types of traffic, and reduction in dropped sidelink packets.

The first wireless device may determine one or more third resources for dropping. The one or more third resources may be determined based on the priority, the priority threshold and the one or more first resources. The first wireless device may drop a first portion of the one or more second resources. The one or more second resources may be overlapping with the one or more first resources. The first wireless device may drop transmission via overlapping resources. This reduces the preemption to overlapping resources, and increases sidelink transmission efficiency.

In an example, configuring a priority threshold to be used as a condition for resource reselection due to preemption may be beneficial to precent too many resource reselection. For example, a base station may configure the threshold as two. That means only priority level one may become preempting wireless device or preempting resources. It may be assumed that lower priority level means a higher priority. Thus, the priority level one may be the highest priority. In an example, the first wireless device may receive SCI indicating a priority and one or more first resources. If the priority is greater than or equals the priority threshold, the first wireless device may not drop its reserved or selected resources (e.g. the one or more second resources) since the priority of the packet of the second wireless device does not meet the condition of preemption.

When the first wireless device determines that there is overlap between the one or more first resources and the one or more second resources, the first wireless device may determine one or more third resources for dropping. For example, the one or more third resource may comprise the one or more second resources that overlap, fully or partially, with the one or more first resources. This method may prevent too much dropping. Since only (fully or partially) overlapped resource(s) may be dropped, amount of resource reselection may not be large. Only a portion of reserved/selected resource may need resource reselection. Based on example embodiments, a wireless device having a high priority packet may achieve better performance and too frequent resource reselection may be avoided.

In examples, a sidelink control signal (e.g. PSCCH) is frequency division multiplexed (FDMed) with an associated data channel (e.g. PSSCH) as shown in FIG. 21. This FDMed control/data channel multiplexing may have larger sensing coverage because more energy may be allocated in a control channel but decoding latency may be increased since the data channel decoding may not be started until finishing the control channel decoding from a receiver UE perspective. In an example, a control channel may be confined with a couple of symbols within a slot (e.g., shorter duration compared to a duration for the associated data channel) to reduce decoding latency.

FIG. 22 illustrates an example of control/data channel multiplexing which may reduce decoding latency. In an example, a wireless device may transmit a control channel only without an associated data channel within a slot to reserve the resource for an initial packet transmission or indicate preemption for one or more resources. For example, the wireless device may indicate a preemption to a second wireless device via the control channel. The second wireless device, in response to receiving the preemption indication, may yield resources based on the indication and may drop one or more reserved resources. The second wireless device may trigger resource reselection for one or more transmissions of packets with a high priority, low target latency, or high target reliability (e.g. successful decoding rate or 1-block error rate (BLER)). When a UE transmits a preemption signal (e.g., a control channel comprising a preemption indication). The preemption signal may comprise one or more first resources, a priority, a preemption indication. In response to receiving the preemption signal, a wireless device that is a transmitter wireless device and has been reserved/allocated/selected one or more second resources. The wireless device may determine one or more third resources to be yielded or released or dropped. The one or more third resources may be determined based on the one or more second resources and one or more first resources. The one or more third resources may by fully or partially overlapped resources of the one or more second resources between the one or more first resources and the one or more second resources. The wireless device may determine the one or more third resources based on the priority and/or the one or more first resources indicated by the preemption signal. The wireless device may release or drop sidelink transmissions over the one or more third resources to enhance delivery ratio of packet with high priority, low target latency, large target coverage or high target reliability. For example, the one or more third resources may be same as the one or more second resources. For example, the one or more third resources may be common resources between the one or more first resources and the one or more second resources.

In an example, a first wireless device may transmit a first control channel (e.g., a preemption signal) without an associated data channel over a K OFDM symbols (e.g., K <14) of OFDM symbols in a slot. A second wireless device may transmit a second control channel with an associated data channel over a M OFDM symbols (e.g., M =14). A third wireless device may receive the first control channel and the second control channel with the associated data channel. Different transmission durations of a plurality of sidelink transmissions may lead more frequent automatic gain control (AGC) retuning operation at the third wireless device (e.g., a Rx UE). Without the more frequent ACG retuning (e.g., at a first OFDM symbol, after the first control channel transmission, etc.), the AGC tuning value measured at the first symbol of the slot may become inaccurate and may result in deterioration of overall reception performance. FIG. 23 shows an example. In an example, a preemption indication signal (e.g., Preemption PSSCH) is transmitted over a first few symbols of a slot. With a power change after the preemption indication, a receiver wireless device may need additional AGC tuning (or AGC retuning) on the symbol right after the preemption indication signal is transmitted. For example, when the wireless device may utilize a next OFDM symbol after the preemption indication signal transmission for the additional ACG retuning, the receiver wireless device may not reliably receive data transmission scheduled by a normal PSCCH (e.g., Normal PSSCH) during the AGC tuning period. Alternatively, due to the AGC re-tuning operation, some of coded bits of the data may be punctured from a receiver UE, and thus the decoding performance may be significantly degraded.

Example embodiments of the present disclosure define signal repetition methods to achieve larger coverage and achieve lower impact on other signal transmission and reception. For a preemption signal, several signal repetition methods within a slot to avoid AGC re-tuning issue are presented. When a UE transmits a preemption signal, a dedicated DMRS sequence for the preemption signal may be allocated. A receiver UE may be aware of the existence and repetition of the preemption signal within a slot so that the receiver UE may perform combining the repetition of the preemption signal. Therefore, the decoding performance and the coverage of preemption signal may be enhanced.

In an example embodiment, a specific DMRS may be dedicated to a sidelink preemption signal transmission, where a different DMRS may include different sequence initialization identity (e.g., a scrambling ID), a different DMRS RE mapping pattern/method (time and/or frequency positions), or a different cyclic shift (CS) applied to the sequence. For example, a sequence initialization ID may be allocated for a preemption signal DMRS. A physical channel conveying a preemption signal may be same or similar signal format to a PSCCH for PSSCH resource scheduling and/or reservation in terms of channel coding, scrambling, modulation, codeword to RE mapping, transmission scheme, DMRS resource element (RE) mapping, etc. When generating DMRS of the PSCCH, a specific sequence initialization ID may be allocated to DMRS sequence of a preemption signal. The base station may transmit control message comprising a specific DMRS sequence initialization ID for the preemption signal transmission to UE via a physical layer (e.g. DCI) or higher layer signal (e.g. SIB or RRC or MAC CE). The purpose of allocating a different DMRS sequence to the sidelink control signal for preemption may be to reduce blind decoding complexity or enhance decoding performance. This also may increase the probability of successful channel decoding even if overlapping with other control channel by assigning a dedicated DMRS sequence to preemption signal. For outside network coverage UE, the DMRS sequence initialization ID for preemption signal may be preconfigured. FIG. 25 illustrates an example in which a base station configures a DMRS sequence initialization ID of a preemption signal to sidelink UE, and a first UE transmits a preemption signal with a DMRS sequence with the configured sequence initialization ID. A second UE reserves one or more resources that may be (fully or partially) overlapped with what the first UE wants to preempt. When a preemption signal is received, a second UE may drop a packet transmission from the (fully or partially) overlapped resource(s). The third UE in figure indicates a UE receiving a preemption signal or another PSCCH/PSSCH as an Rx UE.

In an example, a wireless device may use a first DMRS RE mapping for a PSSCH for a first SCI comprising a resource assignment for one or more PSSCHs associated with a corresponding PSSCH. The wireless device may use a second DMRS RE mapping for a PSSCH for a second SCI comprising a preemption indication for one or more resources without associated with a corresponding PSSCH. FIG. 26 shows an example in which the preemption signal (e.g., the second SCI) has a DMRS RE mapping which may be different from a normal PSCCH, where the normal PSCCH means a PSCCH used for scheduling or reservation of one or more PSSCHs and is transmitted with an associated PSSCH in a slot. This method uses the same sequence generation method but different RE mapping so that the Rx UE may detect the presence of the preemption signal in the DMRS detection step. A size of (cyclic) frequency shift the DMRS RE of the preemption signal in the frequency domain is predetermined/preconfigured or a base station may indicate to the UE via a physical layer (e.g. DCI) or a higher layer signal (e.g. SIB or RRC). In an example, a wireless device may divide a plurality of priority levels or a plurality of priority levels into a number (e.g., K, K=4) of groups, the DMRS sequence and/or a DMRS RE pattern of PSCCH may be set differently for each group. In an example, a DMRS sequence may be differentiated based on a sequence initialization identity (e.g., scrambling ID), and/or a DMRS RE mapping pattern/method (time and/or frequency positions), and/or different cyclic shift applied to the sequence, and/or cyclic shifted mapping in time and/or frequency domain. In an example, a different cyclic shift of DMRS for a preemption signal may be applied. For a sidelink PSCCH, a UE may assume the demodulation reference-signal (DMRS) sequence r_(l)(m) for OFDM symbol/is defined by

r _(i)(m)=1/√{square root over (2)}(1−2·c(2m))+j1/√{square root over (2)}(1−2·c(2m+1)) ,

where c(i) is the pseudo-random sequence. The pseudo-random sequence generator may be initialized with c_(init)=(2¹⁷(N_(symb) ^(slot)ñ_(s,f) ^(μ)+l+1)(2N_(ID)+1)+2N_(ID))mod2³¹

where l is the OFDM symbol number within the slot, ñ_(s,f) ^(μ) may be the sidelink slot number or the slot number within a frame, and N_(ID)∈{0,1, . . . , 65535} may be given by the higher-layer for PSCCH or pre-emption signal. In an example, ñ_(s,f) ^(μ) may be a slot number counting only among sidelink slots within a frame or a period of resource pool configuration or a resource pool bitmap length or a system frame number period (=10240 ms) when the subcarrier spacing is 15 kHz*2^(μ). For example, when a resource pool may define a slot every P slots, a slot index of a first slot is 0, and a slot index of P-th slot is 1, a slot index of 2P is 2, and so on. A modular operation may be applied for the re-indexed sidelink slot index. For example, a sidelink slot number is derived from the re-indexed number only among sidelink slots within a frame. FIG. 27 illustrates an example of sidelink slot number re-indexing. In this figure, the modular 20 operation is applied to the re-indexed slot number. The value of the modular operation (after modular value should be smaller than this value) may be determined based on the number of slots exist in one frame depending on subcarrier spacing. For example, for 15 kHz, 30 kHz, 60 kHz, 120 kHz, 240 kHz SCSs, modular 10, 20, 40, 80, 160 operations may be applied for slot number re-indexing, respectively. This is because if the sidelink resource pool is allocated to the same slot position every frame, the sequence may not be randomized sufficiently, so if the sidelink slots are collected again and then re-indexed, the re-indexed slot index may be used for sequence generation. A first resource and a second resource sharing a same slot index in different radio frames may use different sequence generation with the approach, and this may enhance overall randomization of DMRS sequences for periodic sidelink resource pool configurations. This is because it may be randomized sufficiently regardless of resource pool configuration. NID may be differently configured between a normal PSCCH and a preemption signal. If a cyclic shift is applied for DMRS, r_(l) ^((α))(m)=e^(jam)r_(l)(m) may be used for DMRS sequence of a PSCCH or a preemption signal. For example, a second cyclic shift value a may be allocated for a preemption signal whereas a first cyclic shift value may be allocated for a normal PSCCH. The second cyclic shift value may be different from the first cyclic shift. For example, π/2 may be used for a DMRS cyclic shift value for a preemption signal and {−π/2, 0, π} may be used for a DMRS cyclic shift value for a normal PSCCH, where cyclic shift values may be determined to achieve high sequence separation (e.g., orthogonality). The exact cyclic shift value for the preemption signal may be predetermined or may be signaled by the base station to the UE via a physical layer (e.g. DCI) or a higher layer signal (e.g. MAC CE or SIB or RRC). In an example, a wireless device may divide a plurality of priority levels or a plurality of priority levels into a number of groups, wherein a cyclic shift value a of DMRS sequence of PSCCH may be set differently for each group. For example, a different set of cyclic shift values may be assigned to each priority group. For example, DMRS CS set A is used for priority levels 1 to K (e.g., K=4), and DMRS CS set B is used for priority levels K+1 (e.g., K=5) to N (e.g., N=8). In this example, the UE may randomly select a DMRS CS in a set of DMRS CS. This is to select the PSCCH DMRS cyclic shift value differently in the same set so that the control channel may be decodable even if a resource collision occurs.

In an example, a wireless device may use one or more second scrambling sequences for the preemption signal to differentiate the codeword of the preemption signal from another PSCCH (e.g., a normal PSSCH) with one or more first scrambling sequences. The one or more second scrambling sequences may provide additional randomization effects when there are a plurality of PSSCHs. To do this, scrambling sequence initialization may be generated differently. For example, the initialization of the scrambling sequence of an existing PDCCH is generated by the following equation.

c_(init)=(n_(RNTI)·2¹⁶+n_(ID))mod2³¹

where

-   n_(ID) ∈{0,1, . . . , 65535} equals the higher-layer parameter     pdcch-DMRS-ScramblinglD if configured, -   n_(ID)=N_(ID) ^(cell) otherwise and where -   n_(RNTI) is given by the C-RNTI for a PDCCH in a UE-specific search     space if the higher-layer parameter pdcch-DMRS-ScramblinglD is     configured, and -   n_(RNTI)=0 otherwise.

For a PSCCH, a base station may configure N_(ID) for PSCCH via SIB and/or RRC. NID may be the same as DMRS sequence generation ID. For scrambling and/or DMRS sequence generation of a preemption signal, a different NID may be configured by a base station via SIB or RRC. Meanwhile, n_(RNTI) may be set to 0 or may be set to a predetermined value for the PSCCH regardless of the RRC state of the UE or whether the RNTI is received. Alternatively, a separate n_(RNTI) for PSCCH and/or a preemption signal may be signaled from the base station to the UE by a physical layer (e.g. DCI) or a higher layer signal (e.g. SIB or RRC or MAC CE).

In an example, a base station may indicate the whole or part of the DMRS RE position (time/frequency resource for DMRS) and/or CDM code and/or antenna port number of the DMRS for transmitting a preemption signal to sidelink UE via a physical layer (e.g. DCI) or a higher layer signal (e.g. MAC, SIB, or RRC). This may be to orthogonalize DMRS of a preemption signal with those of other control signals by allocating a specific RE and CDM code of the DMRS of the preemption signal. In addition, the DMRS power boosting value for the preemption signal may be signaled to the UE as a physical layer (e.g. DCI) or a higher layer signal (e.g. MAC, SIB, or RRC). In the case of the preemption signal, it may be necessary to achieve a wide coverage, so that a separate DMRS power boosting for the preemption signal may be configured to improve the channel estimation performance and enlarge the coverage compared to other control signal transmissions.

In an example embodiment, a preemption signal may comprise of a set of OFDM symbols and the preemption signal may be continuously repeated within a sidelink slot to span a whole sidelink slot. For example, the preemption signal may be repeated within one or more sidelink slots to span a same time duration for a PSSCH transmission. This operation is to avoid the additional AGC tuning within the slot and/or within the PSSCH transmission. The time domain repetition may span a whole sidelink slot or a number of slots where the preemption signal is transmitted. For example, when a sidelink slot format information (e.g., a slot format information to indicate one or more OFDM symbols where a sidelink communication may be allowed in a slot) varies over time or when the number of OFDM symbols constituting one sidelink slot (e.g., a portion where a sidelink operation is allowed in a slot) is variable, if the last repetition of a preemption signal does not construct one preemption signal fully, only part of symbols may be transmitted at the last repetition. If the PSFCH resource is configured to some last several symbols from the end of the slot, the repetition of the preemption signal may be limited to the OFDM symbol of the PSSCH region only (e.g., excluding one or more OFDM symbols for PSFCH resources). FIG. 28 illustrates an example of repetition of a preemption signal. Preemption PSCCH may have same SCI format with normal scheduling/reservation PSCCH, but as presented in other embodiment, different DMRS sequence and/or different DMRS RE mapping and/or different antenna port(s) may be used. For example, a sidelink slot may have 14 OFDM sidelink-allowable symbols. Assuming a number of OFDM symbols K of a PSSCH transmission is dividable by 14, the wireless device may repeat 14/K times in the sidelink slot. When K is not dividable by a number of OFDM symbols of M sidelink-allowable symbols (e.g., K=3 in 14 OFDM symbols sidelink slot), the wireless device may repeat floor (M/K) times for the preemption signaling. One or more remaining symbols may be transmitted with a same power to other OFDM symbols with garbage/null data. In an example, a repetition pattern (e.g., a number of PSSCH symbols in each repetition in a slot or in a few slots) may be configured to perform repetition of preemption indication signal.

FIG. 29 illustrates an example of a partial repetition of a preemption. For example, assuming that a sidelink slot consists of 13 OFDM symbols (i.e. excluding the last symbol for Tx/Rx switching within a normal slot) and a preemption signal consists of 3 OFDM symbols, for the last retransmission of the preemption signal, only the first symbol of the preemption signal is transmitted. FIG. 30 illustrates an example of the repetition of a preemption signal only for PSSCH region. If some last symbols are configured for PSFCH transmission, that part is not used for preemption signal transmission.

In an example, the UE receiving the preemption signal first blindly detects the DMRS, and when the DMRS of the preemption signal having a predetermined threshold (e.g., a RSRP threshold) or higher power is detected, the UE may assume that the preemption signal is repeatedly transmitted to the PSSCH region until the end of the slot or in the slot. The receiver UE may perform a code combining (e.g., HARQ combining) operation during receiving the repetition. The preemption signal transmitting UE may use a predetermined RV pattern in preemption signal repetition. For example, RV pattern [0,0,0,0, . . . ] or [0,3,0,3, . . . ] or [0,2,3,1,0,2, . . . ] may be used. The RV pattern used in the preemption signal repetition within a slot and/or across slots may be predetermined or signaled to the UE by a base station as a physical layer (e.g. DCI) or a higher layer signal (e.g. MAC, RRC, SIB).

In an example, a PSCCH format spanning a whole sidelink slot or PSSCH region within a slot may be used for preemption signal transmission. This may require some additional blind decoding complexity from a receiver UE perspective. To reduce the blind decoding complexity, the OFDM symbol number of DMRS symbol of the PSSCH format may be same with a normal PSCCH but a different DMRS sequence may be used for the PSCCH format. FIG. 31 illustrates an example of an additional PSCCH format for a preemption signal transmission. This method may avoid the additional AGC re-tuning issue within a slot.

In an example, a dummy signal with a preemption PSCCH may be transmitted in the same slot and/or the same subchannel. In this case, the dummy signal may be transmitted by encoding the SCI information of the preemption PSCCH to the PSSCH or an arbitrarily information determined by the UE may be transmitted. FIG. 32 illustrates an example of the dummy signal transmission for a preemption signal. In this case, the dummy signal may be transmitted only by being limited to the frequency domain in which the preemption PSCCH is transmitted or may be transmitted by filling a PSSCH region in a subchannel in which the PSCCH is transmitted.

In an example, a PSCCH or a preemption signal for preemption may be repeated within a sidelink slot with a predetermined number of times, and a dummy signal may be transmitted in the remaining areas within the sidelink slot. If the repetition of PSCCH is difficult to completely fill a slot or if partial repetition is required, this method fills the slot with a dummy signal. The dummy signal may simply be additionally transmitted to avoid AGC re-tuning issues.

In an example, a preemption signal or a preemption PSCCH or a PSCCH to reserve an initial PSSCH transmission or a PSCCH for scheduling a PSSCH having a priority level above (or below) a certain threshold may be transmitted in a separate resource pool. Note that the lower the number of priority levels or indicators may mean the higher priority or the higher the number of priority levels or indicators may mean the higher priority. If the lower priority level or indicator means the higher priority, a PSSCH having a priority level below a threshold may be allowed to be transmitted in the separated resource pool. For example, a base station may configure a separate resource pool for a preemption signal or a preemption PSCCH or a PSCCH to reserve an initial PSSCH transmission or a PSCCH for scheduling a PSSCH having a priority level above (or below) a certain threshold to the UE as a physical layer (e.g. DCI) or a higher layer signal (e.g. MAC CE, RRC, or SIB). If a UE having a packet with a priority level above a certain threshold, this resource pool may be used for a preemption signal or a PSCCH for reservation for initial PSSCH transmission. One or more conditions for using such a separate resource pool, for example, a priority level threshold or a target latency level threshold or a target reliability threshold or a target coverage threshold may be signaled to the UE by a base station via a physical layer (e.g. DCI) or a higher layer signal (e.g. MAC CE, RRC, or SIB). FIG. 34 illustrates an example of preemption PSCCH resource pool. This pool may be used for a standalone PSCCH transmission. This may allow better resource availability in transmitting one or more PSSCHs for scheduling/reserving resources for high priority PSSCHs.

In an example, a wireless device may perform a measurement of RSRP based on one or more PSSCH. When a first wireless device may transmit a PSCCH without an associated PSSCH, a second wireless device may not be able to perform measurement on the PSCCH, which may not be efficient in resource sensing/selection procedure. In this case, a method of virtually deriving the PSSCH-RSRP by measuring the PSCCH-RSRP may be considered. For example, when a standalone PSCCH is transmitted in N RBs and/or this PSCCH performs scheduling or preemption indication of the M RBs, then the PSCCH RSRP of the N RBs is firstly measured, and the PSSCH RSRP is virtually derived based on applying the scaling factor of M/N to the PSCCH RSRP. The second wireless device may derive a RSRP based on measurement on a PSSCH from the first wireless device. Note that the RSRP of the PSCCH or the PSSCH may refer to the RSRP of the DMRS or the CSI-RS transmitted with the corresponding channel. This method may make to measure the PSSCH RSRP even when no PSSCH is transmitted.

In an example, a PSCCH for preemption is not only repeated within a slot, but may be transmitted in more than one slot. A base station may indicate the repetition number in the slot of the preemption signal and/or the repetition number between the slots to the UE as a physical layer (e.g. DCI) or a higher layer signal (e.g. MAC CE, RRC, or SIB). The UE may transmit the preemption signal by determining the number of repetitions in the slot and the slot of the preemption signal based on the signal. By extending this method, the transmission power of the preemption signal, the number of retransmissions, the RB (or subchannel size), and all or part of the MCS may be set by the base station (physical layer or higher layer signal to the UE).

In an example embodiment, for preemption indication, a predetermined sequence may be transmitted within a slot and/or one or more subchannels to indicate preemption. In addition, all or part of the sequence type, sequence initialization ID, sequence CS, and RE mapping of the predetermined sequence may be signaled to the UE by a base station as a physical layer (e.g. DCI) or a higher layer signal (e.g. SIB, RRC, or MAC CE). When receiving a preemption signal, the number of slots after which the actual preempting signal (or data or PSSCH) is transmitted may be determined in advance or may be indicated by CS or RE mapping of a sequence. For example, when CS is X, the slot offset (slot interval between the preemption indication signal and the preempting signal (or data)) may be set to a, and when CS is Y, the slot offset may be differently set to b. That is, a UE that reserves a resource at a corresponding offset drops a packet, and a preempting UE transmits a PSSCH at the corresponding offset. FIG. 35 illustrates an example of the predetermined sequence (or sequence repetition) based preemption signal. In this example, a preemption signal may comprise a repetition of a predetermined sequence. A preempting UE may transmit this signal for a preemption indication at slot n and the other UE may assume the preempting data signal may be transmitted in slot n+k, where k may be predetermined or indicated by CS of the preemption signal or RE mapping (or frequency shift) or configured by a base station via RRC or SIB.

In an example, if the preemption signal is transmitted only in one slot, the UE performing transmission in the same slot may not be able to receive the preemption signal due to half duplex problem. FIG. 36 is an example for explaining the problem. UE A may not be able to receive the preemption indication signal because it is transmitting in the same slot n where the preemption signal has been transmitted. FIG. 36 illustrates that UE A may not perform preemption procedure as the UE A may not hear the preemption indication at the slot n. This may lead a degraded performance of a PSSCH transmission which initially attempts to preempt the resource(s). As illustrated in FIG. 37, the preemption signal may be transmitted continuously in a plurality of slots to address such a half-duplex issue. The reason for the continuous transmission is that a signal such as a preemption signal needs to be urgently transmitted to another UE. In this example, when the preemption signal is transmitted, the number of slots continuously transmitted may be predetermined or signaled to the UE by a base station as a physical layer (e.g. DCI) or a higher layer signal (e.g. SIB, RRC). With a repetition of a preemption signal transmission, a wireless device may be able to hear the preemption signal (e.g., UE A) and may release the indicated resource(s).

In an example, a preemption indication signal may be transmitted in a separate dedicated resource pool or resource. For this operation, a base station may signal a resource region and a resource pool for the preemption indication signal to the UE as a physical layer (e.g. DCI) or a higher layer signal (e.g. MAC CE or RRC or SIB). In this method, the preemption signal reception performance may be improved because the preemption signal uses a separate resource pool or resource.

FIG. 38 illustrates an example of fully overlap between preempting resource and preempted resource in a slot. A base station may indicate a priority threshold to a first and a second wireless device. It is assumed that the first wireless device (UE A in the figure) is a preempted wireless device and the second wireless device is preempting wireless device. The second wireless device may have a packet which priority level indicates higher than the priority threshold. If the lower priority level or indicator means the higher priority, the priority level of the packet of the second wireless device is less than the priority threshold. The second wireless device may transmit, to the first wireless device, a PSCCH comprising sidelink control information. The sidelink control information may indicate one or more first resources and a priority of the packet. The first wireless device may receive the PSCCH and identify the one or more first resources and the priority of the packet. The first wireless device may determine that there is overlap between the one or more first resources and one or more second resource. The one or more second resources may be reserved or selected resources for sidelink transmission of the first wireless device. In the figure, the first wireless device may reserve/select two subchannels in different slots. The second subchannel may be fully overlapped with any of the one or more first resources. The first wireless device may drop the second transmission. The first wireless device may transmit sidelink signals via non-overlapping resources among the one or more second resources with the one or more first resources. In the figure, the first wireless device may transmit the first subchannel which is not overlapped with the one or more first resources.

FIG. 39 illustrates an example of partially overlap between preempting resource and preempted resource in a slot. The second wireless device may indicate one or more first resources. The first wireless device may determine there is overlap between the one or more first resources and one or more second resources. In the figure, the first wireless device may reserve/select two subchannels in slot n+1 and two subchannels in slot n+k. In slot n+k, one subchannel is overlapped with the preempting resources (e.g. the one or more first resources). In other words, the one or more second resources are partially overlapped with the one or more first resources. The first wireless device may drop the sidelink transmission in slot n+k because there is partially overlap with the preempting resources. This may prevent some interference to the preempting resource and the preempting wireless device may achieve better performance.

In an example embodiment, a base station may indicate one or more conditions for transmitting the preemption signal to sidelink UE as a physical layer (e.g. DCI) or a higher layer signal (MAC CE, RRC, or SIB). All or part of these conditions may be predetermined or preconfigured. For example, a UE having a priority level of a packet greater than or equal to a threshold may be allowed to transmit a preemption signal. For example, a preemption signal transmission may be allowed when the congestion level (e.g. CBR measurement) is above a threshold. For other example, a UE having a target latency requirement of a packet smaller than or equal to a threshold may be allowed to transmit a preemption signal. For other example, a UE having a target reliability (e.g. successful decoding rate or 1-block error rate (BLER)) requirement of a packet larger than or equal to a threshold may be allowed to transmit a preemption signal. For other example, a UE having a target coverage requirement of a packet larger than or equal to a threshold (e.g. 1000 meter) may be allowed to transmit a preemption signal. Alternatively, a preemption signal transmission may be allowed when a resource exclusion procedure is performed among a set of candidate resources based on a sensing result and the amount of remaining resources is below a threshold.

A plurality of conditions may be configured in combination. Other conditions are not precluded. Any combination of mentioned conditions may be considered. For example, a UE whose priority level is above a first threshold and whose CBR measurement value is above a second threshold may be allowed to transmit a preemption signal, where the first and second thresholds may be (pre)configured. A base station may indicate any threshold or condition to sidelink UE via RRC or SIB or the threshold or condition may be predetermined. Since a preemption signal transmission may cause resource reselection or packet drop of another UE, it is not desirable to allow preemption signal transmission to too many UEs. Therefore, it is desirable to allow a preemption signal transmission only when specific UEs or channel conditions are difficult to find suitable resources due to a lot of congestion.

In Mode 1, UE may request a specific resource or candidate resources to a base station for preemption based on its sensing results, then a gNB may schedule a plurality of resources for preempting data transmission. The Mode 1 UE may select one between to inform the preemption request to the network and Mode 1 UE may switch to Mode 2 when Mode 1 scheduling is not satisfactory in terms of, for example, a target latency requirement. In an example, a UE may request a new resource for preemption TB transmission. For “sidelink”, any new state in constellation of scheduling request may be defined. A base station may configure one or more dedicated SR/B SR resources for preemption request resource via a physical layer (e.g. DCI) or a higher layer (e.g. RRC or SIB) signaling. In an example, Mode 1 UE may indicate an urgency of scheduling via a sidelink scheduling request. For example, a base station may configure one or more sidelink SR resources which may be used to indicate urgent scheduling request. The base station may respond with an UL grant within a configured/predefined latency in response to receiving the sidelink SR from the resources. The wireless device may transmit Mode 2 transmission simultaneously to transmission of the sidelink SR to ensure latency requirements.

//NR sidelink synchronization signal repetition

In examples of existing technologies, a sidelink synchronization signal transmission may be performed with a fixed periodicity (e.g. 160ms) with no repetition within the periodicity. On the other hand, when the sidelink carrier frequency increases, a repeated transmission of each synchronization signal within a sidelink synchronization signal period may be required to compensate the larger pathloss in the higher carrier frequency. In NR Uu interface, the multiple synchronization signals and broadcast channel blocks (SSBs) may be contiguously transmitted within a synchronization signal period. If this contiguous sidelink SSB (SL-SSB) repetitions are transmitted in sidelink communication, the packet latency may increase. If SL-SSB repetitions are allocated continuously in time domain, other sidelink signal transmission in different frequency resource but overlapping in time with the SL-SSB transmission may not be allowed due to a half-duplex constraint of a wireless device. Such restriction may increase a packet latency and service interruption time for one or more sidelink transmissions occurring at same time durations to the synchronization signal repetition.

In existing technologies, an NR sidelink may have different numerology with an LTE sidelink. For example, an NR sidelink may be configured with 60 kHz SCS but an LTE sidelink may have a fixed 15 kHz SCS. If sidelink synchronization signals and broadcast channel blocks (SL-SSB) are transmitted with repetition within a synchronization signal period and if the SL-SSB repetitions are distributed in time with a gap between SL-SSB repetitions, packet dropping in LTE sidelink may happen due to time domain overlap between transport block transmission in LTE sidelink and SL-SSB transmission in NR sidelink. The NR sidelink of the 60 kHz SCS may have a slot size of about ¼ compared to the LTE sidelink of the 15 kHz SCS, and an overlap of the ¼ size may happen between the LTE sidelink and NR sidelink, so that the entire transmission of LTE sidelink may be dropped.

Example embodiments of present disclosure implement several repetition methods for sidelink synchronization signal transmission. The sidelink synchronization signal repetitions within a sidelink synchronization period may be divided into a plurality of clusters in which each cluster comprises a number of repetitions of the sidelink synchronization signal, and the clusters may be equally spaced within a sidelink synchronization transmission period. The example embodiments may have better coexistence with an existing sidelink technology (e.g. LTE sidelink), while distributing the overhead/interruption, over multiple time occasions, caused by the transmission and reception of synchronization signals. Based on the example embodiments, the wireless device may achieve better SL-SSB coverage and the wireless device may satisfy a packet latency requirement.

In an example, a base station may configure one or more sidelink synchronization signal offsets for sidelink synchronization signal transmission and reception. For example, two sidelink synchronization signal offsets with respect to slot 0 of system frame number 0 may be (pre)configured for SLSS resource indication and a group of UEs may transmit SLSS in the first offset, and the other group of UEs may transmit SLSS in the second offset. The frequency resource (or a center) of SLSS transmission may be fixed in an existing technology but in NR sidelink, a base station may configure the frequency resource of SLSS transmission via DCI or RRC or SIB to UE. Based on this configuration, the base station may have flexibility to configures a separate sidelink DC carrier or a SLSS transmission frequency resource. Meanwhile, a base station may transmit a configuration message for sidelink BWP to the UE by SIB or RRC. In the SIB or RRC, information on subcarrier spacing (SCS) may also be configured by the base station.

In an example, there may exist a vehicle or a UE implementing the NR sidelink as well as LTE sidelink. For example, a service (e.g. forward collision warning) signal may be transmitted using LTE sidelink, and another service (e.g. see through when a large vehicle in front of a small vehicle is obstructing the view, image or video of the front vehicle's camera is transmitted to the small vehicle.) signal may be transmitted in NR sidelink. In such a UE implementation, time synchronization between LTE and NR sidelinks may be preferable, and even when using a subcarrier spacing different from LTE in NR, it may be desirable to transmit a signal for the same time, at least in terms of synchronization signal transmission. If NR uses a subcarrier spacing different from LTE, for example, assuming that 60 kHz SCS is used for NR sidelink, one slot of NR sidelink occupies one quarter of the LTE subframe, but if there is conflict between LTE sidelink signal and NR sidelink signal, either one may be dropped depending on the priority of the signal even though a part of subframe or slot is just overlapped. Therefore, it may be desirable that at least in synchronization signal transmission, the LTE and NR occupy the same time duration to prevent such inefficient signal transmission and dropping issue. To handle these issues, example embodiments present methods of determining the time resource allocation of the SLSS transmission resource when the SLSS repetition is configured within a SLSS transmission period.

In some embodiments, SLSS may have same meaning of SL-SSB. For example, SLSS transmission may mean that SLSS may be transmitted with PSBCH in a slot. This may mean SLSS transmission may mean SL-SSB transmission.

In some embodiments, a cluster of SL-SSB repetitions may mean a contiguous transmission of SL-SSB repetitions. One or more clusters may be transmitted with a gap between adjacent clusters of the one or more clusters. The gap size may be greater than or equal to zero. The gap size may be indicated by a base station or preconfigured.

In some embodiments, a size of a cluster of SL-SSB repetitions may mean a number of SL-SSB repetitions in a cluster. If the size of cluster is 2, two SL-SSB repetitions may be transmitted in continuous slots as a cluster.

In an example embodiment, a first wireless device may receive, from a base station, one or more configuration message indicating a first number of sidelink synchronization signal block (SL-SSB) repetitions within a synchronization signal periodicity and a timing gap between adjacent transmissions of clusters of SL-SSB repetitions of the SL-SSB repetitions. The first wireless device may transmit, to one or more second wireless device and during the synchronization signal periodicity, clusters within the timing gap between adjacent transmission of each of the clusters, wherein the clusters comprises the first number of SL-SSB repetitions and each of the clusters comprises a second number of continuous SL-SSB repetitions.

In an example, the first number may be preconfigured. In an example, a base station may indicate, to the first wireless device, the first number via an SIB or an RRC. The second number may be preconfigured. A base station may indicate, to the first wireless device, the second number via an SIB or an RRC. The second number may be determined based on an SCS of SL-SSB or SCS of a sidelink BWP. For example, the second number for 15 kHz SCS, 30 kHz, 60 kHz, 120 kHz, 240 kHz SCSs may be 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, respectively. This may be for a cluster of the clusters to span 1 ms duration. For example, for 30 kHz SCS, one slot may span 0.5 ms and a size of two for a cluster may span 1 ms.

In an example embodiment, a UE may receive, from a base station, one or more configuration messages indicating/comprising one or more sidelink synchronization signal offsets, a number of SLSS or SL-SSB repetitions within a sidelink synchronization signal (SLSS) transmission period, and an SCS of SLSS. In an example, the SCS may be configured in part of sidelink BWP configuration. In an example, the SLSS transmission period may be a fixed number. In an example, the SLSS transmission period is 160 ms.

In an example, the UE may determine a size of a cluster of SLSS repetitions based on the SCS of SLSS. For example, the sizes of a cluster for 15 kHz SCS, 30 kHz, 60 kHz, 120 kHz, 240 kHz SCSs are 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, respectively. A size of a cluster may mean a number of SL-SSB or SLSS slots of continuously repeated SL-SSBs in time. The size of each cluster within the SLSS transmission period may be determined by the ceiling of the repetition number divided by the size of the cluster. In addition, each of the clusters are equally spaced with a SLSS transmission period, and the SLSS repetitions of each of the clusters are allocated in contiguous sidelink slots within the SLSS transmission period. FIG. 40 illustrates two examples for 60 kHz SCS. For the first example in figure (a), a SLSS repetition patterns is illustrated when 32 repetitions are configured for SLSS repetitions within 160 ms SLSS transmission period. As proposed, the size of a cluter is 4 for 60 kHz SCS and the number of clusters are 8. As an example, it is illustrated that each cluster transmitted in every 20 ms but the spacing between clusters may be configurable. For example, a base station may configure a space (or duration or the number of slots between clusters) of the cluster via SIB or RRC. Figure (b) shows an example when 16 repetitions are configured for SLSS repetitions within 160 ms SLSS transmission period. Longer spacing between clusters are illustrated. Note that in these figures it is assumed that SLSS offset is 0. If non-zero SLSS offset is configured, the starting offset may be mod (ceil (SLSS offset/SLSS transmission periodicity).

In an example, a wireless device may receive one or more configuration messages indicating at least one of a sidelink synchronization signal offset, a number of repetitions of SL-SSB within a sidelink synchronization signal periodicity (e.g. a first number of SL-SSB repetitions within a sidelink synchronization signal periodicity), a size of a cluster (e.g. a second number of SL-SSB repetitions for a cluster), a timing gap between clusters, and/or a number of clusters within a sidelink synchronization signal periodicity. The one or more configuration messages may be an SIB or an RRC.

In an example, a base station may configure a synchronization signal offset and/or a size of cluster and/or time gap (or period) between clusters and/or a number of clusters to a UE for the synchronization signal repetition with a SLSS period via SIB or RRC. This example has more flexibility to determine cluster size than the previous example. FIG. 41 illustrates an example of the disclosed method. For 60 kHz SCS, a base station may configure 8 as the size of a cluster, and 20 ms period between clusters.

FIG. 42 illustrates an example of an embodiment. A base station may indicate one as a size of a cluster and a timing gap between clusters. In this example, a cluster comprises one SL-SSB repetition. This example may reduce packet dropping or packet latency since SL-SSB repetitions within a sidelink synchronization signal periodicity are distributed in time.

On the other hand, if SLSS offset(s) between LTE sidelink and NR sidelink is shifted configured to UE, the packet transmission (e.g. PSSCH and/or PSCCH) may be frequently dropped or interfered by transmitting or receiving the synchronization signal of another radio access technology (RAT). If possible, it is preferable that the synchronization signal offset of LTE and the synchronization signal offset of NR are set equal. However, this method may vary depending on the band combination or UE capability or implementation in which NR and LTE sidelinks operate. For example, when LTE and NR operate in the same or adjacent bands, the base station may have sidelink synchronization signal offsets common to LTE and NR. When configuring and transmitting and receiving in separate circuits in different bands of LTE and NR, sidelink synchronization signal offsets of LTE and NR may be separately configured. If common synchronization signal offsets between LTE and NR sidelinks are configured, at least one of clusters for SLSS repetition within a SLSS transmission period needs to be aligned with one of SLSS offsets of LTE sidelink. Also depending on UE capability, a base station may configure a common SLSS offset(s) to LTE and NR sidelink. For indicating common SLSS offset, a base station may configure an indicator of common SLSS offset or reference RAT indicator or cross carrier indicator to inherit a configured SLSS offset(s) from one RAT to another RAT via SIB or RRC.

In an example, If SLSS repetition is configured, the SLSS offset between NR and LTE may not be exactly aligned. The starting time of at least one of clusters with respect to the slot 0 of system frame number 0 may be the same as at least one of the LTE SLSS offsets.

All or some of the parameters configured by the base station in some examples or embodiments may be preconfigured when the UE is outside the network coverage.

In some examples or embodiments, a UE may be replaced to a wireless device and vice versa.

For example, a first wireless device may receive from a base station, one or more configuration messages to indicate a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) configuration for a preemption signal, wherein the preemption signal is transmitted to preempt one or more resources reserved by a second wireless device and the first wireless device may transmit to the second wireless device, one or more preemption signals with the DMRS generated based on the DMRS configuration to preempt the one or more resources reserved by the second wireless device, and the first wireless device may transmit one or more transport blocks on the one or more preempted resources, wherein the one or more messages are radio resource control (RRC) or system information block (SIB) and the DMRS configuration comprises at least one of: DMRS sequence initialization identity, DMRS resource element mapping, and DMRS cyclic shift value. In this example, the preemption signal is transmitted via a physical sidelink control channel and the first and the second wireless devices are performing sidelink communication.

In an example, a first wireless device may receive from a second wireless device, a preemption signal, wherein the preemption signal comprises a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) repeatedly transmitted until spanning a same number of symbols as a number of physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) symbols in a slot, and the first wireless device may determine that a resource indicated by the preemption signal overlaps a resource reserved by the first wireless device; and the first wireless device may drop a signal transmission on the resource reserved by the first wireless device based on the determining. In this example, the preemption signal comprises at least one preempting resource information and the repetition of the PSCCH of the preemption signal has a predetermined redundancy version pattern, and the first and the second wireless devices are performing sidelink communication and the first wireless device transmits one or more transport blocks with a first priority level and the first priority level is smaller than a threshold. In addition, the first wireless device may receive from the base station, the threshold.

In an example, a wireless device may receive from a base station, a condition for preemption signal transmission, and the first wireless device may determine whether transmission of a preemption signal is allowed based on the condition, and the first wireless device may transmit a preemption signal to preempt one or more resources based on the determination, and the first wireless device may transmit one or more transport blocks on the one or more resources preempted by the preemption signal. In this example, the condition configured by the base station comprises all or part of: Target latency requirement threshold; Priority threshold; Reliability requirement threshold; and Target coverage threshold. In addition, the preemption signal comprises a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) repeatedly transmitted until spanning a same number of symbols as a number of physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) symbols in a slot.

In an example, a wireless device may receive from a base station, one or more configuration messages comprising sidelink synchronization signal (SLSS) offsets, the repetition number of SLSS, and a subcarrier spacing (SCS) of SLSS; and the wireless device may determine a size of a cluster of SLSS repetitions based on the SCS of the SLSS, and the wireless device may transmit the cluster within a SLSS transmission period a number of times determined based on the repetition number and the size of the cluster, wherein: the clusters are equally spaced within a SLSS transmission period; and the SLSS repetitions of each of the clusters are allocated in contiguous sidelink slots within the SLSS transmission period. In this example, the sizes of a cluster for 15 kHz SCS, 30 kHz, 60 kHz, 120 kHz, 240 kHz SCSs are 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, respectively and the number of times for each cluster within the SLSS transmission period is determined by the ceiling of the repetition number divided by the size of the cluster. In addition, the wireless device may receive one or more configuration messages comprising LTE SLSS offsets and the starting time of at least one of clusters with respect to the slot 0 of system frame number 0 is the same as at least one of the LTE SLSS offset.

According to various embodiments, a device such as, for example, a wireless device, off-network wireless device, a base station, and/or the like, may comprise one or more processors and memory. The memory may store instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the device to perform a series of actions. Embodiments of example actions are illustrated in the accompanying figures and specification. Features from various embodiments may be combined to create yet further embodiments.

FIG. 43 is a flowchart as per an aspect of an example embodiment of the present disclosure. At 4310, a first wireless device may receive, from a second wireless device, an indication of one or more first resources of a sidelink transport block and a priority of the sidelink transport block. At 4320, based on the priority and a priority threshold, the first wireless device may drop a sidelink transmission of one or more sidelink resources that overlap with the one or more first resources.

According to an example embodiment, the indication may be indicated by sidelink control information. According to an example embodiment, the sidelink control information may be received via a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH). According to an example embodiment, the dropping the sidelink transmission of one or more second resources may comprise dropping a sidelink transmission of one or more third resources. According to an example embodiment, the one or more third resources may comprise the one or more second resources that overlap, fully or partially, with the one or more first resources. According to an example embodiment, the one or more third resources may comprise one or more sub-channels within a sidelink resource pool. According to an example embodiment, the priority threshold may be indicated by a base station. According to an example embodiment, the first wireless device may receive, from the base station, a message indicating the priority threshold. According to an example embodiment, the message may be received via a radio resource control message. According to an example embodiment, the message may be received via a system information block. According to an example embodiment, the priority threshold may be preconfigured. According to an example embodiment, a value of the priority may be less than the priority threshold. According to an example embodiment, the first wireless device may transmit, a first transport block via one or more fourth resources. For example, the one or more fourth resources are non-overlapping resources of the one or more second resources with the one or more first resources. According to an example embodiment, the one or more fourth resources may comprise one or more sub-channels within a sidelink resource pool. According to an example embodiment, the priority threshold is for preemption of the sidelink transmission. According to an example embodiment, the first wireless device may receive, from a second wireless device, sidelink control information indicating the one or more first resources and the priority. According to an example embodiment, the sidelink transmission may be transmitted via one or more physical layer shared channels. According to an example embodiment, the one or more first resources may comprise one or more sub-channels within a sidelink resource pool. According to an example embodiment, the one or more second resources may comprise one or more sub-channels within a sidelink resource pool.

FIG. 44 is a flowchart as per an aspect of an example embodiment of the present disclosure. At 4410, a first wireless device may transmit, during a synchronization signal periodicity, clusters with a timing gap between adjacent transmissions of each of the clusters, wherein the clusters comprises a first number of sidelink synchronization signal block (SL-SSB) repetitions and each of the clusters comprises a second number of continuous SL-SSB repetitions.

According to an example embodiment, the timing gap and the first number may be indicated by a message. According to an example embodiment, the message may be received from a base station. According to an example embodiment, the message may be an RRC message. According to an example embodiment, the message may be an SIB. According to an example embodiment, the second number may be indicated by a message. According to an example embodiment, the message may be received from a base station. According to an example embodiment, the message may be an RRC message. According to an example embodiment, the message may be an SIB. According to an example embodiment, the timing gap may be greater than or equals to zero. According to an example embodiment, the first wireless device may receive one or more configuration messages comprising an SL-SSB offset. According to an example embodiment, a first SL-SSB repetition of SL-SSB repetitions starts from the SL-SSB offset. According to an example embodiment, the first wireless device may receive, from a base station, one or more configuration messages comprising an LTE sidelink synchronization signal (SLSS) offset. According to an example embodiment, the SL-SSB offset may indicate the same time as the LTE SLSS offset. According to an example embodiment, the second number may be determined based on the first number and a subcarrier spacing (SCS). According to an example embodiment, the SCS may be indicated by a base station. According to an example embodiment, the SCS may be preconfigured. According to an example embodiment, the SCS may be indicated for a sidelink bandwidth part. According to an example embodiment, the first wireless device may transmit to one or more second wireless devices. According to an example embodiment, the SL-SSB may comprise a primary sidelink synchronization signal, a secondary sidelink synchronization signal, and a physical sidelink broadcast channel. According to an example embodiment. the second number may be determined based on a subcarrier spacing (SCS) of the SL-SSB. According to an example embodiment, the second number may be one of 1 for 15 kHz SCS, 2 for 30 kHz SCS, 4 for 60 kHz SCS, 8 for 120 kHz SCS; and 16 for 240 kHz SCS. According to an example embodiment, the second number may be one of 1,2,4,8, or 16.

FIG. 44 illustrates an aspect of an example embodiment of the present disclosure. At 4410, a first wireless device transmits ,during a synchronization signal periodicity, clusters with a timing gap between adjacent transmissions of each of the clusters. The clusters comprise a first number of sidelink synchronization signal block (SL-SSB) repetitions. Each of the clusters comprises a second number of continuous SL-SSB repetitions. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method comprising: receiving, by a first wireless device from a second wireless device, an indication of: one or more first resources of a first sidelink transport block; and a priority of the first sidelink transport block; and based on the priority and a priority threshold, dropping a sidelink transmission of one or more second resources that overlap with the one or more first resources.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the dropping the sidelink transmission of one or more second resources further comprises dropping a sidelink transmission of one or more third resources.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the one or more third resources comprise the one or more second resources that overlap, fully or partially, with the one or more first resources.
 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising receiving, from a base station, a message indicating the priority threshold.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the message is received via a radio resource control message or a system information block.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the priority threshold is preconfigured.
 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising transmitting, by the first wireless device, a second sidelink transport block via one or more fourth resources, wherein the one or more fourth resources are non-overlapping resources of the one or more second resources with the one or more first resources.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the priority threshold is for preemption of the sidelink transmission.
 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising receiving, from a second wireless device, sidelink control information indicating: the one or more first resources; and the priority.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the priority is less than the priority threshold.
 11. A first wireless device comprising: one or more processors; and memory storing instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the first wireless device to: receive, from a second wireless device, an indication of: one or more first resources of a first sidelink transport block; and a priority of the first sidelink transport block; and based on the priority and a priority threshold, drop a sidelink transmission of one or more second resources that overlap with the one or more first resources.
 12. The first wireless device of claim 11, wherein the dropping the sidelink transmission of one or more second resources further comprises dropping a sidelink transmission of one or more third resources.
 13. The first wireless device of claim 12, wherein the one or more third resources comprise the one or more second resources that overlap, fully or partially, with the one or more first resources.
 14. The first wireless device of claim 11, wherein: the instructions further cause the first wireless device to receive, from a base station, a message indicating the priority threshold; and the message is received via a radio resource control message or a system information block.
 15. The first wireless device of claim 11, wherein the priority threshold is preconfigured.
 16. The first wireless device of claim 11, wherein the instructions further cause the first wireless device to transmit a second sidelink transport block via one or more fourth resources, wherein the one or more fourth resources are non-overlapping resources of the one or more second resources with the one or more first resources.
 17. The first wireless device of claim 11, wherein the priority threshold is for preemption of the sidelink transmission.
 18. The first wireless device of claim 11, wherein the instructions further cause the wireless device to receive, from a second wireless device, sidelink control information indicating: the one or more first resources; and the priority.
 19. The first wireless device of claim 11, wherein the priority is less than the priority threshold.
 20. A system comprising: a first wireless device comprising: one or more first processors; and first memory storing first instructions that, when executed by the one or more first processors, cause the first wireless device to transmit an indication of: one or more first resources of a first sidelink transport block; and a priority of the first sidelink transport block; and a second wireless device comprising: one or more second processors; and second memory storing second instructions that, when executed by the one or more second processors, cause the second wireless device to: receive the indication; and based on the priority and a priority threshold, drop a sidelink transmission of one or more second resources that overlap with the one or more first resources. 